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COPYKIGHT DEPOSrr. 























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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

PREPARING FOR WAR—A CONFEDERATE PHOTOGRAPH OF ’(51 

Florida Opens the Grim Game of War. On a sandy point at the entrance to Pensacola Bay over two hundred years ago, the Spaniards 
who so long held possession of what is now the Gulf coast of the United States had built a fort. On its site the United States Gov¬ 
ernment had erected a strong fortification called Fort Barrancas. Between this point and a low-lying sandy island directly opposite, 
any vessels going up to Pensacola must pass. On the western end of this island was the strongly built Fort Pickens. Early in 1801 
both forts were practically ungarrisoned. This remarkable picture, taken by the New Orleans photographer Edwards, in February, 
1861, belongs to a series hitherto unpublished. Out of the deep shadows of the sally port we look into the glaring sunlight upon one 
of the earliest warlike moves. Here we see one of the heavy pieces of ordnance that were intended to defend the harbor from foreign 
foes, being shifted preparatory to being mounted on the rampart at Fort Barrancas, which, since January 12th, had been in possession of 
State troops. Fort Pickens, held by a mere handful of men under Lieutenant Slemmer, still flew the Stars and Stripes. But the move 
of State troops under orders from Governor Perry of Florida, in seizing Fort Barrancas and raising the State flag even before the shot that 
aroused the nation at Fort Sumter, may well be said to have helped force the crisis that was impending. 



































Copyright, 1911 , by Review of Reviews Co. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION 
INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN 

Printed in New York, U. S. A. 


* 


THE TROW PRESS, N. Y. 


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PHOTOGRAPHING THE CIVIL WAR 

By Henry Wysham Lanier 

E XTRAORDINARY as the fact seems, the American 
Civil War is the only great war of which we have an 
adequate history in photographs: that is to say, this is the 
only conflict of the first magnitude 1 in the world’s history that 
can be really “ illustrated,” with a pictorial record which is 
indisputably authentic, vividly illuminating, and the final evi¬ 
dence in any question of detail. 

Here is a much more important historical fact than the 
casual reader realizes. The earliest records we have of the 
human race are purely pictorial. History, even of the most 
shadowy and legendary sort, goes back hardly mere than ten 
thousand years. But in recent years there have been recov- 
ered in certain caves of France scratched and carved bone 
weapons and rough wall-paintings which tell us some dra¬ 
matic events in the lives of men who lived probably a hundred 
thousand years before the earliest of those seven strata of 
ancient Troy, which indefatigable archeologists have exposed 
to the wondering gaze of the modern world. The picture came 
long before the written record; nearly all our knowledge of 
ancient Babylonia and Assyria is gleaned from the details left 
by some picture-maker. And it is still infinitely more effective 
an appeal. How impossible it is for the average person to 
get any clear idea of the great struggles which altered the 
destinies of nations and which occupy so large a portion of 
world history! How can a man to-day really understand the 
siege of Troy, the battles of Thermopyke or Salamis, Han¬ 
nibal’s crossing of the Alps, the famous fight at Tours when 
Charles “ the Hammer ” checked the Saracens, the Norman 

1 There have been, of course, only two wars of this description since 
I860: the Franco-Prussian War was, for some reason, not followed by 
camera men; and the marvellously expert photographers who flocked to 
the struggles between Russia and Japan were not given any chance by 
the Japanese authorities to make anything like an adequate record. 

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conquest of England, the Hundred Years’ or Thirty Years’ 
Wars, even our own seven-year struggle for liberty, without 
any first-hand picture-aids to start the imagination? Take 
the comparatively modern Napoleonic wars where, moreover, 
there is an exceptional wealth of paintings, drawings, prints, 
and lithographs by contemporary men: in most cases the effect 
is simply one of keen disappointment at the painfully evident 
fact that most of these worthy artists never saw a battle or 
a camp. 

So the statement that there have been gathered together 
thousands of photographs of scenes on land and water during 
those momentous years of 1801 to 1805 means that for our 
generation and all succeeding ones, the Civil War is on a basis 
different from all others, is practically an open book to old 
and young. For when man achieved the photograph he took 
almost as important a step forward as when he discovered 
how to make fire: he made scenes and events and personalities 
immortal. The greatest literary genius might write a volume 
without giving you so intimate a comprehension of the strug¬ 
gle before Petersburg as do these exact records, made by 
adventurous camera-men under incredible difficulties, and hold¬ 
ing calmly before your eyes the very Reality itself. 

To apply this pictorial principle, let us look at one 
remarkable photograph, Cooper’s Battery in front of the 
Avery house, during the siege of Petersburg, of which we 
have, by a lucky chance, an account from one of the men in 
the scene. The lifelikeness of the picture is beyond praise: 
one cannot help living through this tense moment with these 
men of long ago, and one’s eyes instinctively follow their fixed 
gaze toward the lines of the foe. This picture was shown to 
Lieutenant James A. Gardner (of Battery B, First Penn¬ 
sylvania Light Artillery), who immediately named half a 
dozen of the figures, adding details of the most intimate inter¬ 
est. He stated: 

I am, even at this late day, able to pick out and recognize a very 
large number of the members of our battery, as shown in this photograph. 
Our battery (familiarly known as Cooper’s Battery) belonged to the 
Fifth Corps, then commanded by Gen. G. lv. Warren. 

Our corps arrived in front of Petersburg on June 17, 1864, Avas put 
into position on the evening of that day, and engaged the Confederate 
batteries on their line near the Avery house. The enemy at that time 

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Ijotugraplraty tlu' (Ctutl War 4- 


was commanded by General Beauregard. That night the enemy fell back 
to their third line, which then occupied the ridge which you see to the 
right and front, along where you will notice the chimney (the houses had 
been burnt down). On the night of the 18th we threw up the lunettes 
in front of our guns. This position was occupied by us until possibly 
about the 23d or 2-1th of June, when we were taken further to the left. 
The position shown in the picture is about six hundred and fifty yards 
in front, and to the right of the Avery house, and at or near this point 
was built a permanent fort or battery, which was used continuously dur¬ 
ing the entire siege of Petersburg. 

While occupying this position, Mr. Brady took the photographs, 
copies of which you have sent me. The photographs were taken in the 
forenoon of June 21, 1864. I know myself , merely from the position 
that I occupied at that time, as gunner. After that, I served as ser¬ 
geant, first sergeant, and first lieutenant, holding the latter position 
at the close of the war. All the officers shown in this picture are dead. 

The movement in which we were engaged was the advance of the 
Army of the Potomac upon Petersburg, being the beginning of opera¬ 
tions in front of that city. On June 18th the division of the Confederates 
which was opposite us was that of Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson ; but as the 
Army of Northern Virginia, under General Lee, began arriving on the 
evening of June 18th, it would be impossible for me to say who occupied 
the enemy’s lines after that. The enemy’s position, which was along on 
the ridge to the front, in the picture, where you see the chimney, after¬ 
ward became the main line of the Union army. Our lines were advanced 
to that point, and at or about where you see the chimney standing, Fort 
Morton of the Union line was constructed, and a little farther to the 
right was Fort Steadman, on the same ridge ; and about where the battery 
now stands, as shown in the picture, was a small fort or works erected, 
known as Battery Seventeen. 

When engaged in action, our men exhibited the same coolness that 
is shown in the picture—that is, while loading our guns. If the enemy 
is engaging us, as soon as each gun is loaded the cannoneers drop to the 
ground and protect themselves as best they can, except the gunners and 
the officers, who are expected to be always on the lookout. The gunners 
are the corporals who sight and direct the firing of the guns. 

In the photograph you will notice a person (in civilian’s clothes). 
This is Mr. Brady or his assistant, but I think it is Mr. Brady himself. 

It is now almost forty-seven years since the photographs were 
taken, yet I am able to designate at least fifteen persons of our bat¬ 
tery, and point them out. I should have said that Mr. Brady took 
picture No. 1 from a point a little to the left, and front, of our battery; 
and the second one was taken a little to the rear, and left, of the battery. 
Petersburg lay immediately over the ridge in the front, right over past 

131 





























































































































Ijotflrjrapliing thr (Until Mar ❖ 4 


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the man whom you see sitting there so leisurely on the earthworks 
thrown up. 

A notice in Humphrey's Journal in 1861 describes vividly 
the records of the flight after Bull Run secured by the inde¬ 
fatigable Brady. Unfortunately the unique one in which the 
reviewer identified “ Bull Run ” Russell in reverse action is 
lost to the world. But we have the portrait of Brady himself 
three days later in his famous linen duster, as he returned to 
Washington. His story comes from one who had it from his 
own lips: 

He [Brady] had watched the ebb and flow of the battle on that 
Sunday morning in July, 1861, and seen now the success of the green 
Federal troops under General McDowell in the field, and now the stub¬ 
born defense of the green troops under that General Jackson who thereby 
earned the sobriquet of “ Stonewall.” At last Johnston, who with 
Beauregard and Jackson, was a Confederate commander, strengthened 
by reenforcements, descended upon the rear of the Union troops and 
drove them into a retreat which rapidly turned to a rout. 

The plucky photographer was forced along with the rest; and 
as night fell he lost his way in the thick woods which were not far from 
the little stream that gave the battle its name. He was clad in the linen 
duster which was a familiar sight to those who saw him taking his pic¬ 
tures during that campaign, and was by no means prepared for a night 
in the open. He was unarmed as well, and had nothing with which to 
defend himself from any of the victorious Confederates who might hap¬ 
pen his way, until one of the famous company of “ Fire ” zouaves, of 
the Union forces, gave him succor in the shape of a broadsword. This 
he strapped about his waist, and it was still there when he finally made 
his way to Washington three days later. He was a sight to behold after 
his wanderings, but he had come through unscathed as it was his fate to 
do so frequently afterwards. 

Instances might he multiplied indefinitely, but here is one 
more evidence of the quality of this pictorial record. The 
same narrator had from Brady a tale of a picture made a year 
and a half later, at the battle of Fredericksburg. He says: 

Burnside, then in command of the Army of the Potomac, was pre¬ 
paring to cross the Rappahannock, and Longstreet and Jackson, com¬ 
manding the Confederate forces, were fortifying the hills back of the 
right bank of that river. Brady, desiring as usual to be in the thick of 
things, undertook to make some pictures from the left bank. He placed 
cameras in position and got his men to work, but suddenly found him- 




























































4. 










self taking a part very different from that of a non-combatant. In the 
bright sunshine his bulky cameras gleamed like guns, and the Confed¬ 
erate marksmen thought that a battery was being placed in position. 
They promptly opened fire, and Brady found himself the target for a 
good many bullets. It was only his phenomenal good luck that allowed 
him to escape without injury either to himself and men or to his 
apparatus. 

It is clearly worth while to study for a few moments this 
man Brady, who was so ready to risk his life for the idea by 
which he was obsessed. While the war soon developed far 
beyond what he or any other one man could possihlv have 
compassed, so that he is probably directly responsible for only 
a fraction of the whole vast collection of pictures in these vol¬ 
umes, he may fairly be said to have fathered the movement; 
and his daring and success undoubtedly stimulated and in¬ 
spired the small army of men all over the war-region, whose 
unrelated work has been laboriously gathered together. 

Matthew B. Brady was born at Cork, Ireland (not in 
New Hampshire, as is generally stated) about 1823. Arriv¬ 
ing in New York as a boy, he got a job in the great estab¬ 
lishment of A. T. Stewart, first of the merchant princes of 
that day. The youngster’s good qualities were so conspicuous 
that his large-minded employer made it possible for him to 
take a trip abroad at the age of fifteen, under the charge of 
S. F. B. Morse, who was then laboring at his epoch-making 
development of the telegraph. 

Naturally enough, this scientist took his young compan¬ 
ion to the laboratory of the already famous Daguerre, whose 
arduous experiments in making pictures by sunlight were 
just approaching fruition; and the wonderful discovery which 
young Brady’s receptive eyes then beheld was destined to 
determine his whole life-work. 

For that very year (1839) Daguerre made his “ daguerre¬ 
otype ” known to the world; and Brady’s keen interest was 
intensified when, in 1810, on his own side of the ocean, Pro¬ 
fessor Draper produced the first photographic portrait the 
world had yet seen, a likeness of his sister, which required the 
amazingly short exposure of only ninety seconds! 

Brady’s natural business-sense and his mercantile train¬ 
ing showed him the chance for a career which this new inven¬ 
tion opened, and it was but a short time before he had a gallery 


















































































on Broadway and was well launched upon the new trade of 
furnishing daguerreotype portraits to all comers. He was 
successful from the start; in 1851 his work took a prize at the 
London World’s Fair; about the same time he opened an 
office in Washington; in the fifties he brought over Alexander 
Gardner, an expert in the new revolutionary wet-plate proc¬ 
ess, which gave a negative furnishing many prints instead of 
one unduplicatable original; and in the twenty years between 
his start and the Civil War he became the fashionable photog¬ 
rapher of his day—as is evidenced not only by the superb col¬ 
lection of notable people whose portraits he gathered together, 
but by Bret Harte’s classic verse (from “ Her Letter ”) : 

Well, yes—if you saw us out driving 
Each day in the Park, four-in-hand—• 

If you saw poor dear mamma contriving 
To look supernaturally grand,— 

If you saw papa’s picture, as taken 
By Brady, and tinted at that,— 

You’d never suspect he sold bacon 
And flour at Poverty Flat. 

Upon this sunny period of prosperity the Civil War 
broke in 1861. Brady had made portraits of scores of the 
men who leaped into still greater prominence as leaders in 
the terrible struggle, and his vigorous enthusiasm saw in this 
fierce drama an opportunity to win ever brighter laurels. His 
energy and his acquaintance with men in authority overcame 
every obstacle, and he succeeded in interesting President Lin¬ 
coln, Secretary Stanton, General Grant, and Allan Pinkerton 
to such an extent that he obtained the protection of the Secret 
Service, and permits to make photographs at the front. 
Everything had to be done at his own expense, but with entire 
confidence he equipped his men, and set out himself as well, 
giving instructions to guard against breakage by making two 
negatives of everything, and infusing into all his own ambition 
to astonish the world by this unheard-of feat. 

The need for such permits appears in a “ home letter ” 
from E. T. Whitney, a war photographer whose negatives, 
unfortunately, have been destroyed. This letter, dated March 
13, 1862, states that the day before “ all photographing has 

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been stopped by general orders from headquarters.” Owing 
to ignorance of this order on the part of the guard at the 
bridge, Whitney was allowed to reach the Army of the Poto¬ 
mac, where he made application to General McClellan for a 
special pass. 

We shall get some more glimpses presently of these ad¬ 
venturous souls in action. But, as already hinted, extraordi- 
nary as were the results of Brady’s impetuous vigor, he was 
but one of many in the great work of picturing the war. 
Three-fourths of the scenes with the Army of the Potomac 
were made by Gardner. Thomas G. Roche was an indefatig¬ 
able worker in the armies’ train. Captain A. J. Russell, 
detached as official camera-man for the War Department, 
obtained many invaluable pictures illustrating the military 
railroading and construction work of the Army of the Poto¬ 
mac, which were hurried straightway to Secretary Stanton 
at Washington. Sam A. Cooley was attached to the Tenth 
Army Corps, and recorded the happenings around Savannah, 
Fort McAllister, Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Beaufort, and 
Charleston during the bombardment; George M. Barnard, 
under the supervision of General O. M. Poe (then Captain in 
the Engineer Corps), did yeoman’s service around Atlanta. 

S. R. Siebert was very busy indeed at Charleston in 1865. 
Cook of Charleston, Edwards of New Orleans, and other 
unknown men on the Confederate side, working under even 
greater difficulties (Cook, for instance, had to secure his chemi¬ 
cals from Anthony in New York—who also supplied Brady 
—and smuggle them through), did their part in the vast labor; 
and many another unknown, including the makers of the little 
cartes de visite, contributed to the panorama which to-day un¬ 
folds itself before the reader. 

One most interesting camera-man of unique kind was 
A. D. Lytle, of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, who made a series 
of views (covering three years and several campaigns—and 
consequently scattered through the present work) for the 
specific use of the Confederate Secret Service. That is to say, 
he was a “ camera spy,” and a good one, too. He secured his 
chemicals from the same great firm of Anthony & Co., in New 
York, but instead of running the blockade with them, they 
were supplied on “ orders to trade.” In many cases, for in¬ 
stance, the necessary iodides and bromides masqueraded as 

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quinine. 1 Mr. Lytle’s son relates that his father used to signal 
with flag and lantern from the observation tower on the top 
of the ruins of the Baton Rouge capitol to Scott’s Bluff, 
whence the messages were relayed to the Confederates near 
New Orleans; but he found this provided such a tempting tar¬ 
get for the Federal sharpshooters that he discontinued the 
practice. 

There are contemporary comments on the first crop 
of war photographs—which confirm several points already 
made. Humphrey's Journal in October, 1861 , contained the 
following: 

PHOTOGRAPHS OF WAR SERIES 

Among the portraits in Brady’s selection, spoken of in our last 
number, are those of many leading generals and colonels—McClellan, 
McDowell, Heintzelman, Burnside, Wood, Corcoran, Slocum, and others. 
Of the larger groups, the most effective are those of the army passing 
through Fairfax village, the battery of the 1st Rhode Island regiment 
at Camp Sprague, the 71st Regiment [New York] formed in hollow 
square at the Navy Yard, the Engineer Corps of the New York Twelfth 
at Camp Anderson, Zouaves on the lookout from the belfry of Fairfax 
Court House, etc., etc. 

Mr. Brady intends to take other photographic scenes of the locali¬ 
ties of our army and of battle-scenes, and his collection will undoubtedly 
prove to be the most interesting ever yet exhibited. But why should 
he monopolize this department? We have plenty of other artists as good 
as he is. What a field would there be for Anthony’s instantaneous views 
and for stereoscopic pictures. Let other artists exhibit a little of Mr. 
Brady’s enterprise and furnish the public with more views. There are 
numerous photographers close by the stirring scenes which are being 
daily enacted, and now is the time for them to distinguish themselves. 

We have seen how far Brady came from “ monopolizing ” 
the field. And surely the sum total of achievement is triumph¬ 
ant enough to share among all who had any hand in it. 

And now let us try to get some idea of the problem which 
confronted these enthusiasts, and see how they tackled it. 

1 This statement is historically confirmed. Professor Walter L. Flem¬ 
ing, of the University of Louisiana, states he has seen many such orders- 
to-trade, signed by President Lincoln, but not countersigned by Secretary 
Stanton. 

18] 


































































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fyotngraptjmg the (Ciml Mar 4- 4 - 


Imagine what it must have meant even to get to the scene 
of action—with cumbersome tent and apparatus, and a couple 
of hundred glass plates whose breakage meant failure; over 
unspeakable back-country roads or no roads at all; with the 
continual chance of being picked off by some scouting sharp¬ 
shooter or captured through some shift of the armies. 

The first sight of the queer-looking wagon caused amaze¬ 
ment, speculation, derision. “ What is it? ” became so inevi¬ 
table a greeting that to this day if one asks a group of soldiers 
about war-photographs, they will exclaim simultaneously, 
“Oh, yes, the ‘ what-is-it ’ wagon!” It became a familiar 
sight, yet the novelty of its awkward mystery never quite 
wore off. 

II aving arrived, and having faced the real perils gener¬ 
ally attendant upon reaching the scenes of keenest interest, 
our camera adventurer was but through the overture of his 
troubles. The most advanced photography of that day was 
the wet-plate method, by which the plates had to be coated in 
the dark (which meant in this case carrying everywhere a 
smothery, light-proof tent), exposed within five minutes, and 
developed within five minutes more! For the benefit of ama¬ 
teur members of the craft here are some notes from the veteran 
photograjdier, Mr. George G. Rockwood: 

First, all the plain glass plates in various sizes, usually 8 x 10, 
had to be carefully cleaned and carried in dust-proof boxes. When 
ready for action, the plate was carefully coated with “ collodion,” which 
carried in solution the “ excitants ”—bromide and iodide of potassium, 
or ammonia, or cadmium. Collodion is made by the solution of gun¬ 
cotton in about equal parts of sulphuric ether and 95° proof alcohol. 
The salts above mentioned arc then added, making the collodion a vehi¬ 
cle for obtaining the sensitive surface on the glass plate. The coating 
of plates was a delicate operation even in the ordinary well-organized 
studio. After coating the plate with collodion and letting the ether 
and alcohol evaporate to just the right degree of “stickiness,” it was 
lowered carefully into a dee}) “ bath holder ” which contained a solution 
of nitrate of silver about 60° for quick field-work. This operation 
created the sensitive condition of the plate, and had to be done in total 
darkness except a subdued yellow light. When properly coated (from 
three to five minutes) the plate was put into a “ slide ” or “ holder ” 
and exposed to the action of the light in the camera. When exposed, 
it was returned to the dark-room and developed. 

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Mr. Rockwood also knew all about Brady’s wagon, hav¬ 
ing had a similar contrivance made for himself before the war, 
for taking pictures in the country. He “ used an ordinary 
delivery wagon of the period, much like the butcher’s cart of 
to-day and had a strong step attached at the rear and below 
the level of the wagon floor. A door was put on at the hack, 
carefully hung so as to he light-proof. The door, you under¬ 
stand, came down over the step which was boxed in at the 
sides, making it a sort of well within the body of the wagon 
rather than a true step. 

“ The work of coating or sensitizing the plates and that 
of developing them was done from this well, in which there was 
just room enough to work. As the operator stood there the 
collodion was within reach of his right hand, in a special re¬ 
ceptacle. On his left also was the holder of one of the baths. 
The chief developing hath was in front, with the tanks of 
various liquids stored in front of it again, and the space be¬ 
tween it and the floor filled with plates. 

“ With such a wagon on a larger scale, large enough for 
men to sleep in front of the dark-room part, the phenomenal 
pictures of Brady were made possible. Brady risked his life 
many a time in order not to separate from this cumbrous piece 
of impedimenta. 

“ On exceptional occasions in very cold weather the life 
of a wet plate might he extended to nearly an hour on either 
side of the exposure, the coating or the development side, hut 
ordinarily the work had to he done within a very few minutes, 
and every minute of delay resulted in loss of brilliancy and 
depth in the negative.” 

Some vivid glimpses of the war-photographers’ troubles 
come also from Mr. J. Pitcher Spencer, who knew the work 
intimately: 

We worked long with one of the foremost of Brady’s men, and 
here let me doff my hat to the name of M. B. Brady—few to-day are 
worthy to carry his camera case, even as far as ability from the photo¬ 
graphic standpoint goes. I was, in common with the “ Cape Codders,” 
following the ocean from 1859 to 1864; I was only home a few months 
—1862-63 —-and even then from our boys who came home invalided 
we heard of that grand picture-maker Brady, as they called him. 

When I made some views (with the only apparatus then known, the 
“wet plate”), there came a large realization of some of the immense 

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difficulties surmounted by those who made war-pictures. When you 
realize that the most sensitive of all the list of chemicals are requisite 
to make collodion, which must coat every plate, and that the very 
slightest breath might carry enough “ poison ” across the plate being 
coated to make it produce a blank spot instead of some much desired 
effect, you may perhaps have a faint idea of the care requisite to 
produce a picture. Moreover, it took unceasing care to keep every 
bit of the apparatus, as well as each and every chemical, free from any 
possible contamination which might affect the picture. Often a breath 
of wind, no matter how gentle, spoiled the whole affair. 

Often, just as some fine result looked certain, a hot streak of air 
would not only spoil the plate, but put the instrument out of com¬ 
mission, by curling some part of it out of shape. In face of these, and 
hundreds of minor discouragements, the men imbued with vim and force¬ 
fulness by the “ Only Brady ” kept right along and to-day the world 
can enjoy these wonderful views as a result. 

Still further details come from an old soldier and photo¬ 
graphic expert, Mr. F. M. Hood: 

The plate “ flowed ,5 with collodion was dipped at once in a bath 
of nitrate of silver, in water also iodized, remained there in darkness 
three to five minutes; still in darkness, it was taken out, drained, put 
in the dark-holder, exposed, and developed in the dark-tent at once. 
The time between flowing the collodion and developing should not ex¬ 
ceed eight or ten minutes. The developer was sulphate of iron solu¬ 
tion and acetic acid, after which came a slight washing and fixing (to 
remove the surplus silver) with solution of cyanide of potassium; and 
then a final washing, drying, and varnishing. The surface (wet or 
dry), unlike a dry plate, could not be touched. I was all through the 
war from 1861—65, in the Ninety-third New York regiment, whose 
pictures you have given. I recognized quite a number of the old com¬ 
rades. You have also in your collection a negative of each company 
of that regiment. 

Fortunately the picture men occasionally immortalized 
each other as well as the combatants, so that we have a num¬ 
ber of intimate glimpses of their life and methods. In one 
the wagon, chemicals and camera are in the very trenches at 
Atlanta, and they tell more than pages of description. But, 
naturally, they cannot show the arduous labor, the narrow 
escapes, the omnipresent obstacles which could be overcome 
only by the keenest ardor and determination. The epic of the 
war-photographer is still to he written. It would compare 
favorably with the storv of many battles. And it does not 

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hotugraphtttg tip (Until Mar <s> ❖ ^ 





require much imagination, after viewing the results obtained 
in the face of such conditions, to get a fair measure of these 
indomitable workers. 

The story of the way in which these pictures have been 
rescued from obscurity is almost as romantic a tale as that of 
their making. The net result of Brady’s efforts was a col¬ 
lection of over seven thousand pictures (two negatives of each 
in most cases) ; and the expenditure involved, estimated at 
$100,000, ruined him. One set, after undergoing the most 
extraordinary vicissitudes, finally passed into the Govern¬ 
ment’s possession, where it is now held with a prohibition 
against its use for commercial purposes. (The $25,000 tardily 
voted to Mr. Brady by Congress did not retrieve his financial 
fortunes, and he died in the nineties, in a New York hospital, 
poor and forgotten, save by a few old-time friends. 

Brady’s own negatives passed in the seventies into the pos¬ 
session of Anthony, in default of payment of his bills for 
photographic supplies. They were kicked about from pillar 
to post for ten years, until John C. Taylor found them in 
an attic and bought them; from this they became the back¬ 
bone of the Ordway-Rand collection; and in 1895 Brady him¬ 
self had no idea what had become of them. Many were broken, 
lost, or destroyed by fire. After passing to various other 
owners, they were discovered and appreciated by Edward 
Bailey Eaton, of Hartford, Connecticut, who created the 
immediate train of events that led to their importance as the 
nucleus of a collection of many thousand pictures gathered 
from all over the country to furnish the material for this work. 

From all sorts of sources, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
from Maine to the Gulf, these hidden treasures have been 
drawn. Historical societies, Government and State bureaus, 
librarians, private collectors, military and patriotic organiza¬ 
tions, old soldiers and their families have recollected, upon 
earnest insistence, that they did have such things or once 
knew of them. Singly and in groups they have come from 
walls, out of archives, safes, old garrets, often seeing the 
light of day for the first time in a generation, to join together 
once more in a pictorial army which daily grew more irre¬ 
sistible as the new arrivals augmented, supplemented, and ex¬ 
plained. The superb result is here spread forth and illumi¬ 
nated for posterity. 







































































Itotograpltiug tlir (Until Uar 4- ❖ <s> * 


m ' 


r^\ 


Apart from all the above considerations, these invaluable 
pictures are well worth attention from the standpoint of picto¬ 
rial art. We talk a great deal nowadays about the aston¬ 
ishing advances of modern art-photography; and it is quite 
true that patient investigators have immeasurably increased 
the range and flexibility of camera methods and results. We 
now manipulate negatives and print to produce any sort of 
effect; we print in tint or color, omitting or adding what we 
wish; numberless men of artistic capacity are daily showing 
how to transmit personal feeling through the intricacies of the 
mechanical process. But it is just as true as when the cave¬ 
man scratched on a bone his recollections of mammoth and 
reindeer, that the artist will produce work that moves the be¬ 
holder, no matter how crude may be his implements. Clearly 
there were artists among these Civil War photographers. 

Probably this was caused by natural selection. It took 
ardor and zest for this particular thing above all others to 
keep a man at it in face of the hardships and disheartening 
handicaps. In any case, the work speaks for itself. Over and 
over one is thrilled by a sympathetic realization that the van¬ 
ished man who pointed the camera at some particular scene, 
must have felt precisely the same pleasure in a telling com¬ 
position of landscape, in a lifelike grouping, in a dramatic 
glimpse of a battery in action, in a genre study of a wounded 
soldier watched over by a comrade—that we feel to-day and 
that some seeing eye will respond to generations in the future. 
This is the true immortality of art. And when the emotions 
thus aroused center about a struggle which determined the 
destiny of a great nation, the picture that arouses them takes 
its proper place as an important factor in that heritage of the 
past which gives us to-day increased stature over all past 
ages, just because we add all their experience to our own. 


[ 13 ] 



































































































































COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


THE GATE TO THE MISSISSIPPI 

The handwriting is that of Surgeon Bixby, of the Union hospital ship “Red Rover.” In his album he pasted this unique 
photograph from the western shore of the river where the Federal guns and mortars threw a thousand shells into Vicksburg 
during the siege. The prominent building is the courthouse, the chief landmark during the investment. Here at Vicksburg 
the Confederates were making their last brave stand for the possession of the Mississippi River, that great artery of 
traffic. If it were wrejted from them the main source of their supplies would be cut off. Pemberton, a brave and capable 
officer and a Pennsylvanian by birth, worked unremittingly for the cause he had espoused. Warned by the early attacks 
of General Williams and Admiral Farragut, he had left no stone unturned to render Vicksburg strongly defended. It had 
proved impregnable to attack on the north and east, and the powerful batteries planted on the river-front could not be 
silenced by the fleet nor by the guns of the Federals on the opposite shore. But Grant's masterful maneuver of cutting 
loose from his base and advancing from the south had at last out-generaled both Pemberton and Johnston. Nevertheless, 
Pemberton stoutly held his defenses. His high river-battery is photographed below, as it frowned upon the Federals opposite. 





















FEDERAL GUNS AND A CONFEDERATE CAMERA 


The Second, Fourth, and Sixth Massachusetts Light Artillery at Raton Rouge, in May, 1862, photographed by Lytle, of the Con¬ 
federate Secret Service. When Farragut's fleet, after the capture of New Orleans, moved up the Mississippi on May 2d, General 
Williams, with fourteen hundred men, including two sections of Everett's (Sixth) battery, accompanied it. The ambitious plan was 
the opening of the Mississippi and the establishment of communication with the Federal forces to the north. Occupying Baton Rouge, 
the expedition pushed on to Vicksburg. Here Farragut’s guns could not be sufficiently elevated to silence the batteries on the bluff. 















COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 








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T"?. 




THE FIRST BATTERIES SENT AGAINST VICKSBURG 


in the face of which Williams could not land. After three weeks on the crowded transports, the men were returned to Baton Rouge 
and went into camp. On the 20th of June, General Williams again set out for Vicksburg with four regiments and Nims’s (Second) 
and Everett’s (Sixth) Massachusetts batteries. At Ellis's Bluff, and again at Grand Gulf, the troops drove off the Confederate field- 
batteries that opened on the gunboats. But at Vicksburg no effective land attack could be made and the troops, whose numbers had 
been reduced by overwork, malaria, and scurvy from thirty-two hundred to but eight hundred fit for duty, returned to Baton Rouge. 
























GUNS THAT HELPED TO REDUCE PORT HUDSON 


This picture is another example of the accuracy and completeness with which Lytle, the Confederate Secret Service photographer 
at Raton Rouge, recorded the numbers and equipment of the Federal forces operating in Louisiana. This body of artillery first en¬ 
listed as the Twenty-first Volunteers in 1861, and sustained the heavy loss of one hundred and twenty-six men while acting as infantry 
in the battle of Baton Rouge, August 5, 1862. It served with distinction throughout the war, its number of veteran reenlistments 
being five hundred and three—the largest in any body of Indiana troops. In March, 1863, the regiment was changed to artillery; 
and in Augur’s division of the Nineteenth Corps it accompanied General Banks in his first expedition against Port Hudson, as well as 
in the final investment of that place. Banks, who had been sent with between fifteen thousand and twenty thousand troops to sue- 










COPYRIGHT 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


FIRST INDIANA HEAVY ARTILLERY, 1863 


ceed General Butler in command of the Department of the Gulf, arrived at New Orleans in the middle of December, 1862, with orders 
from Halleck to advance up the Mississippi, and (in cooperation with Grant) to hold an unbroken line of communication by land from 
New Orleans to Vicksburg. When this was accomplished he was to occupy the Red River country as a basis for future operations against 
Texas. During the winter. Banks confined his attention to operations west of the Mississippi, with varying success. Early in March, 
at the request of Farragut, who had determined to run past the Port Hudson batteries with his fleet, Banks moved forward with about 
seventeen thousand men to make a demonstration against that place w T ith his artillery. He did not get near enough to do this, how¬ 
ever, and was still building bridges when near midnight of March 14th Farragut’s guns began to boom from the river. 















Logan’s Division undermining the most formidable redoubt in the defenses of \icksburg. The position 
was immediately in front of this honeycombed slope on the Jackson road. Upon these troops fell most 
of the labor of sapping and mining, which finally resulted in the wrecking of the fort so gallantly de¬ 
fended by the veterans of the Third Louisiana. As the Federal lines crept up, the men working night 
and day were forced to live in burrows. They became proficient in such gopher work as the picture shows. 
Up to the “White House’’ (Shirley’s) the troops could be marched in comparative safety, but a short dis¬ 
tance beyond they were exposed to the Confederate sharpshooters, who had only rifles and muskets to 
depend on; their artillery had long since been silenced. Near this house was constructed “Coonskin’s” 
Tower; it was built of railway iron and cross-ties under the direction of Second Lieutenant Henry C. Foster, 
of Company B, Twenty-third Indiana. A backwoodsman and dead-shot, he was particularly active in 
paying the Confederate sharpshooters in their own coin. He habitually wore a cap ot raccoon fur, which ga\ e 
him his nickname and christened the tower, from which the interior of the Confederate works could be seen. 





















COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 

THE WORK OF THE BESIEGERS 


Battery Sherman, on the Jackson Road, before Vicksburg. Settling down to a siege did not mean idleness 
for Grant’s army. Fortifications had to be opposed to the formidable one of the Confederates and a con¬ 
stant bombardment kept up to silence their guns, one by one. It was to be a drawn-out duel m which 
Pemberton, hoping for the long-delayed relief from Johnston, held out bravely against starvation and even 
mutiny. For twelve miles the Federal lines stretched around Vicksburg, investing it to the river bank, 
north and south. More than eighty-nine battery positions were constructed by the Federals. Battery 
Sherman was exceptionally well built—not merely revetted with rails or cotton-bales and floored with 
rough timber, as lack of proper material often made necessary. Gradually the lines were drawn closer and 
closer as the Federals moved up their guns to silence the works that they had failed to take in May. At 
the time of the surrender Grant had more than 220 guns in position, mostly of heavy caliber. By the 
1st of July besieged and besiegers faced each other at a distance of half-pistol shot. Starving and ravaged 
by disease, the Confederates had repelled repeated attacks which depleted their forces, while Grant, re¬ 
enforced to three times their number, was showered with supplies and ammunition that he might bring 
about the long-delayed victory which the North had been eagerly awaiting since Chancellor sville. 




















A GALLANT GUNBOAT—THE ST. LOUIS. 

^ ith the shots from the Confederate batteries ringing and bounding off 
her iron plates, this gallant gunboat that Foote had chosen for his flag¬ 
ship, entered the zone of fire at Fort Donelson. In the confined space 
of her smoke-filled gun-deck, the river sailors were loading and firing the 
heavy broadsides as fast as the great guns could be run out and aimed 
at the frowning line of entrenchments on the river bank. From them 
the concentrated hail of iron was poured upon her and the marksman¬ 
ship was good. Fifty-nine times was this brave vessel struck. But 
her armored sides withstood the heavy shocks although the plating, 
dented and bent, bore record of each impact. Nearer and nearer grew 
the forts as up the narrow channel the flag-ship led the way, the Louis¬ 
ville, the Carondelet, and the Pittsburgh belching their fire at the wooded 
heights, as though endeavoring to attract the attention of the Con¬ 
federate gunners to themselves and save the flag-ship from receiving 
more than her share. Up in the pilot-house the brave man who knew the 
channel stood at the wheel, his eyes firmly fixed ahead; and on the 
“texas,” as the upper deck was called, within speaking distance of him, 
stood Foote himself. A great shot, aimed accurately as a minie ball, 
struck the frail pilot-house. It was as if the vessel’s heart was pierced. 

The wheel was swept away from the pilot’s hand and the brave river 
guide was hurled into the corner, mangled, bleeding and soon to die. 

Flag Officer Foote did not escape. He fell badly wounded in the leg 

by a fragment of the shell—a wound from which he never fully re¬ 
covered. Helpless now, the current swept the St. Louis' bow around, 
and past her consorts that were still fighting, she drifted down the stream 
and out of action; later, in convoy of the Louisville, she returned to 
Cairo, leaving the Carondelet and Pittsburgh to escort the transports. 
Meanwhile on shore. Grant was earning his first laurels as a soldier in 
a big battle. The disabling of the gunboats caused the Confederates 
to make the fatal attack that resulted so disastrously for them. Assail¬ 
ing Grant’s right wing that held a strong position, on the 15th of 
February, 19,000 men were hurled against a force 8,000 greater in number. 
But the repulse was complete. Shattered they retreated to their works, 
and in the morning of the 16th, the Confederate general, Buckner, 
surrendered. About 14,000 prisoners were taken. The Federal loss 
was nearly 3,000, and that of the Southern cause about 1,000 less. For 
the capture of Fort Donelson Grant was made major-general. The 
first step to the conquest of the Mississippi had been achieved. In 
October, 1862, the river fleet was transferred from the Army to the 
Navy Department, and as there was another vessel in the service, bear¬ 
ing the same name the St. Louis was renamed the Baron de Kalb. At 
Fort Henry, she went into action lashed to the Carondelet on account of 
the narrowness of the stream; and later again, the gallant gunboat won 
laurels at Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, Memphis, and Vicksburg. 



LOUISVILLE—A FIGHTER AT 
THE FORT 



THE FLAG-SHIP ST. LOUIS VIEWED 
FROM ASTERN 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 










































































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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

CAIRO CITIZENS WHO MAY HAVE RECALLED THIS DAY 




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With his hands thrust in his pockets stands General Grant, next to General McClernand, who is directly in front of the pillar of the 
Cairo post-office. The future military leader had yet his great name to make, for the photograph of this gathering was taken in Sep¬ 
tember, 1861 , and when, later, the whole world was ringing with his praises the citizens who chanced to be in the group must have 
recalled that day with pride. Young A 1 Sloo, the postmaster’s son, leans against the doorway on Grant’s right, and next to him is 
Bob Jennings; then comes Dr. Taggart, then Thomas, the mason, and Jaques, the butcher. On the extreme right, facing the camera, 
is young Bill Thomas. LTp in the windows sit George Olmstead and Will Smith. In his shirt sleeves, on General McClernand’s left, 
is C. C. Davidson. In the group about him are Benjamin Munn, Fred Theobold, John Maxey, and Phil. Howard. Perhaps these 
men told their children of the morning that Grant left his headquarters at the St. Charles Hotel and met them here. Who knows? 










































































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CAPTAIN’ CLARK B. LAGOW 



CAPTAIN JOHN A. RAWLINS 


WINNING IIIS SPl’RS AT CAIRO. 

Few will recognize in this early and 
unusual photograph the man who at 
Appomattox, wore plain fatigue dress 
in striking contrast with the fully 
uniformed Lee. Here Grant appears in 

his full-dress Brigadier-General’s uni¬ 
form as he came to Cairo to assume 
command of a military district includ¬ 
ing southern Illinois, September 4, 
1861. Grasping at once the problems 
of his new post he began the work 
of reorganization, assisted by a well- 
chosen staff. Without waiting for per¬ 
mission from Fremont, his immediate 
superior, Commander of the Department 
of the West, Grant pushed forward a 



CAPTAIN WILLIAM S. HILLYER 


force and occupied Paducah, Kentucky, 
before the Confederates, approach¬ 
ing with the same purpose, could arrive. 
Grant was impatient to drive back the 
Confederate lines in Kentucky and 
Tennessee and began early to importune 
Washington to be allowed to carry out 
maneuvers. His keen judgment con¬ 
vinced him that these must quickly be 
made in order to secure the advantage 
in this outlying arena of the war. 
Captain Rawlins was made Assistant 
Adjutant-General by Grant, and lifted 
from his shoulders much of the routine 
of the post. Captain Lagow and Cap¬ 
tain Hillyer were two of the General’s 
aides-de-camp. Dr. James Simons was 
Medical Director of the District. 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 




DR. JAMES SIMONS 



BRIGADIER-GENERAL U. S. GRANT 

















































I 


































WHERE WESTERN SOLDIERS WERE TRAINED BY GRANT 

Here, under Ulysses S. Grant, many a Western raw recruit was whipped into shape for active service. Grant, who served under 
Taylor and Scott, through the Mexican War, had resigned his commission of captain in 1854 and settled in St. Louis. He was among the 
first to offer his services to his country in 1861. He went to Springfield, Illinois, and Governor Yates gave him a desk in the Adjutant 
General’s office. He soon impressed the Governor with his efficiency and was made drill officer at Camp Butler. Many Illinois regi¬ 
ments, infantry, artillery, and especially cavalry, were organized and trained at Camp Butler under the watchful eye of Grant. By 











Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


CAMP BUTLER, NEAR SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, IN 1862 


May 1861 liis usefulness had become so apparent that he was made mustering officer and aide, with the complimentary rank of colonel. 
In June he was appointed Colonel of the Seventh District Regiment, then at Camp Yates on the State Fair Grounds at the western 
edge of Springfield. On June 28th this regiment became the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, and on July 3d started for northern 
Missouri. This photograph was taken in 1862, after Grant had left Camp Butler and was winning laurels for himself as Com¬ 
mander o* the District and Army of ^est Tennessee. 



















A GALLANT REGIMENT FROM THE HOOSIER STATE 


To the Ninth Indiana belongs the banner record, on the Federal side, at bloody Shiloh. It seldom happens to any unit of a fighting 
force, while still engaged in action, to receive words of thanks and congratulation while still on the firing-line. Flags have been 
decorated with the medal of honor, individuals have been so rewarded for deeds of bravery and prowess, but to the Ninth Regiment 
from the Hoosier State fell the unique honor of having the word “well done” given them under fire. General Nelson, on April 7th, 
rode up and thanked them, and well was it deserved, for they saved the flank of Hazen’s brigade by stubborn bravery that has hardly 
ever been equaled. Posted on the line of a rail fence that offered little or no protection, they held their ground against a force 
that outnumbered them two to one-able and determined fighters, too, who charged time and again up to the muzzles of their rifles, 
only to be beaten back by the steady and continuous volleys. Colonel William B. Hazen, in command of the Nineteenth Brigade, 
two or three times found himself so fiercely assailed that it looked as if the flank would be crumbled in, but the Ninth was there. And 
when the cost was footed up, it made a sad but gallant showing. The Ninth had suffered the heaviest loss in numbers of any regiment 
in the Army of the Ohio at that battle. The percentage of officers killed and wounded left many vacancies for promotion; no less 
than eight positions there were to fill in the depleted companies. And along that thin rail fence, in the battle, one hundred and seventy 
men had been killed or wounded. The Fourth Division, which General Nelson commanded, points with pride to the scroll of Hazen s 
Nineteenth Brigade, and first on the list stands the never faltering Ninth. In November it was transferred to the Second Brigade of 
the Second Division, Fourteenth Corps, Army of the Cumberland, and at Stone’s River it lost one hundred and nine men, all told. 






















On the night of April 4, 1862, the 
Confederate garrison of the battery 
on Island No. 10, peering through the 
darkness out on the Mississippi, 
caught sight of the flicker of flames 
from the smoke-stacks of a steamer 
proceeding down the river. They 
knew at once that the attempt of the 
Federal gunboats to pass down to the 
support of General Pope’s crossing 
of the river below had begun. The 
men on shore leaped to their guns, 
and the crash of cannon and the 
rattle of musketry broke forth across 
the bosom of the river. Aiming 
through the darkness at the luminous 
tops of the smoke-stacks the gunners 
poured in their vindictive fire, but the 
Confederates had elevated their guns 
too high and only two of their shots 
sped home. The Carondelet, for it 
was she, held on her way, and her 
commander, Henry Walke, would not 
permit his men to send a single 
answering shot. Walke had begged 
to be the first to take his vessel by 
the dreaded batteries on Island No. 10. 

In the pilot-house he directed the 
daring attempt, catching glimpses of the tortuous channel amid 
the fitful lightning of a storm which suddenly descended on 
the river and added the reverberations of Heaven to those 
of the battery below. At one moment the Carondelet 


grazed the bank of the island itself, 
but hastily backing off, made good 
her escape past a dreaded float¬ 
ing battery below the Island, which 
offered little opposition. She arrived 
at New Madrid without a man 
having received a single scratch. 
The Carondelet and her commander 
had made good, and the next morning 
lay ready to support the army after 
having achieved one of the greatest 
feats in the record of the inland navy. 
On April 6th, her elated and plucky 
crew captured and spiked the guns 
of the battery opposite Point Pleasant, 
an event which convinced the Con¬ 
federates that Island No. 10 must be 
evacuated. That very night, en¬ 
couraged by the success of the Caron¬ 
delet, Commander Thompson, with 
the Pittsburgh, ran by the disheartened 
gunners on Island No. 10 and joined 
Commander Walke. The crossing of 
Pope’s forces then proceeded, and the 
Confederates, in full retreat, were 
hemmed in by Paine’s division and 
surrendered, before dawn of April 8th. 
Colonel Cook's troops cut off in their 
retreat from Island No. 10, were also compelled to surrender. 
The daring of Commander Walke in the face of this great danger 
had accomplished the first step in the opening of the Mississippi 
since the expedition left Cairo. 



COMMANDER HENRY WALKE 





Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


THE C^4 RON DELE T —FIRST TO RUN THE GANTLET AT ISLAND NO. 10 























MOUNTING ARTILLERY IN FORT DARLING AT CAMP DEFIANCE 



REACHING OUT FOR THE RIYEIl 


These busy scenes were enacted in the late spring of 1801, by five regiments under Brig.-General Swift, who had been ordered by 
Secretary of War Cameron to occupy Cairo at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and save it from the fate of Sumter, 
which it was anticipated the Confederate gunboats coming up the Mississippi might visit upon it, and thus gain access to the Ohio. 
It was tedious work for the men of the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, who, began the building of 
barracks, cleared parade grounds, mounted guns, and threw up fortifications against the attack which never came. In the upper 



















UNCOMPLETED EARTHWORKS, CAMP DEFIANCE 





-VSK-.'S'- 


Copyright by Review of Renews Co. 


DRILL GROUNDS OF THE DEFENDERS OF CAIRO, ILL. 

pictures the men are at work rushing to completion the unfinished Fort Darling, which was situated to the left of the drill grounds 
seen in the lower panorama. In the latter we see one of the innumerable drills with which the troops were kept occupied and tuned 
up for the active service before them. Across the Mississippi was the battery at Bird’s Point, on the Missouri shore. This and Fort 
Darling were occupied by the First and Second Illinois Light Artillery, but their labors were chiefly confined to the prevention of contra¬ 
band traffic on the river. The troops at Cairo did not see any campaigning till Grant led them to Paducah, Ky., September 5-6, 1861. 























ARMY 


TRANSPORTS 
FIFTY YEARS 
AGO 



RIVER 
STEAMERS 
USED AS TROOP¬ 
SHIPS 


TRANSPORTS AT PITTSBURG LANDING (SHILOH) 

rendered by these Tennessee river boats that had been pressed from their peaceful occupations into the service of 
that th„ r a ° f l SUC1 1 “ mense im P°rLance that it may be looked upon as a great factor in the turning of the battle tide 

pnrlv mnpnimr t' tTa cause rom e\en a worse defeat than that of the first battle of Bull Run. General Grant’s headcpiarters in the 
rntt'l ■ nf n L ^ >rl ] ( 'i 1 " aS soni j mi es fro™ where the fight began. It was at Savannah, on the Tennessee, and as soon as the 
wpIL y *1 6 cannonade announced the opening of the battle, Grant transferred his headquarters to the Tigress, which 

) . - 1 .? 1 veen n <> ler \essels in the photograph. 1 he steamer on the right is the Universe, the largest of the transports 

^ .1 * ''i** i° C i-'ii '. < ,, nera ‘ pushing ahead of his troops, reached the river bank, and the two leaders held a conference 

1 1 UPP 7 n 1 , e , Tl 9 res *- 11 w as touch and go whether the troops fighting in the forest, beyond the landing, could hold 
* , e °{ 1 ec * er ate General Johnston, in forming his plans, had intended to leave an opening that would tempt the hard- 
presse e era army ore treat down the river. But, instead, they massed solidly back on Pittsburg Landing, huddled together so 
c ose > that brigades, and even regiments, were overlapping. As soon as Buell’s hastening troops came up, the transports were turned 
into terry-boats, and all night long they plied across the river loaded within an inch of their gunwales with the reinforcements. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

THE GUNBOAT TYLER AT SHILOH 


On the very day the battle of Shiloh opened, Sunday, April 6, 1862, most of the Federal western flotilla was on the Upper Mississippi 
assisting in the reduction of the famous Island No. 10. But, as it happened, two of the smaller wooden gunboats, the Tyler and 
the Lexington, the first under command of Lieutenant Gwin and the latter commanded by Lieutenant Shirk, were with Grant on the 
Tennessee at Pittsburg Landing. They lay opposite the point where a small stream, known as Dill’s Branch, flows into the river. 
Early in the afternoon Gwin, who ranked Lieutenant Shirk, observed the Confederates slowly working their way round the Federal 
flank near the river bank. At once he asked for permission to open fire, and it was given. General Hurlbut, commander of the 
Federal left, was soon glad of this assistance. For an hour the Tyler, which fired first, kept steadily at it, being then joined by the 
Lexington. There was a time when both vessels stopped, however, and Gwin communicated with the general-in-chief on board 
the Tigress, asking for further orders and if he should continue his work with the guns. Finding that the supply of ammunition 
was plentiful, Grant instructed him to use his own judgment and immediately the gunboat fire was resumed. 



































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THE UNLUCKY ESSEX AFTER FORT HENRY 


The thousand-ton ironclad Essex received 
the severest punishment at Fort Henry. 
Fighting blood surged in the veins of Com¬ 
mander W. D. Porter, son of Admiral 
David Porter and brother of Admiral 
David D. Porter. The gunboat which 
he led into action at Fort Henry was 
named after the famous Essex which his 
father commanded in the War of 1812. 
Fifteen of the shots from Fort Henry 
struck and told upon the Essex, the last 
one penetrating her armor and piercing 
her middle boiler. Commander Porter, 
standing among his men directing the fight, 
was terribly scalded by the escaping steam. 



COMMANDER W. D. PORTER 


as were twenty-seven others. Wrong¬ 
ly suspected of disloyalty at the outbreak 
of the war. Commander Porter’s conduct 
during the struggle gave the lie to such 
calumny. He recovered after Fort Henry, 
and was made Commodore in July, 1862. 
Again in command of the Essex he at¬ 
tempted unsuccessfully to destroy the 
dread Confederate ram Arkansas at Vicks¬ 
burg on July 22d. Porter and the Essex 
then joined Farragut’s fleet. His shells 
helped the Union forces to repulse the 
Confederates at Baton Rouge, August 5th, 
and he witnessed the blowing up of the 
Arkansas the following day. He died 
Mav 1, 1864. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

THE ESSEX TWO YEARS LATER 






























THE GUNBOATS AT SHILOH 
In the river near Pittsburg Landing, where 
the Federal transports lay, were two small 
gunboats, and what they did during the 
battle of April 6th makes a separate chap¬ 
ter in the action. In the early morn¬ 
ing they were out of sight, though within 
sound of the continuous firing. How the 
battle was going, however, was evident. 
The masses of the blue-clad troops appeared 
through the trees on the river bank, showing 
that under the continuous and fierce assaults 
they were falling back upon the Landing. 
The Tyler, commanded by Lieutenant 
Gwin, and afterward the Lexington, com¬ 
manded by Lieutenant Shirk, which arrived 
at four o’clock, strove to keep the Con¬ 
federate army from the Landing. After 
the surrender of Prentiss, General With¬ 
ers set his division in motion to the right 
toward this point. Chalmers’ and Jack¬ 
son's brigades marched into the ravine of 
Dill’s Branch and into the range of the 
Federal gunboats and batteries which 
silenced Gage’s battery, the only one 
Withers had, and played havoc with the 
Confederate skirmishers. All the rest of 
the afternoon, until nightfall, the river 
sailors kept up their continuous bombard¬ 
ment, and in connection with the field batteries on the bank checked General Withers desperate attempt on the Landing. The daunt¬ 
less brigade of Chalmers, whose brave Southerners held their ground near the foot of the ravine and maintained the conflict after the 
battle was ended elsewhere, was swept by 
the gunboats’ fire. When Buell’s army, 
that had been hurrying up to Grant’s 
assistance, reached the battle-field, Gwin 
sent a messenger ashore in the evening to 
General Nelson, who had just arrived, and 
asked in what manner he could now be of 
service. It was pitch dark; except for the 
occasional firing of the pickets the armies 
were resting after the terrific combat. In 
reply to Gwin’s inquiry, General Nelson 
requested that the gunboats keep on firing 
during the night, and that every ten min¬ 
utes an 8-inch shell should be launched in 
the direction of the Confederate camp. 

With great precision Gwin followed out 
this course. Through the forest the shells 
shrieked and exploded over the exhausted 
Confederates, showering branches and 
limbs upon them where they slept, and 
tearing great gashes in the earth. The re¬ 
sult was that they got little rest, and rest 
was necessary. Slowly a certain demoral¬ 
ization became evident—results that bore 
fruit in the action that opened on the 
morrow. Here we see pictured—in the 
lower part of the page—the captain’s gig 
and crew near the Lexington, ready to 
row their commander out into the stream. 




THE LEXINGTON 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 















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FIGHTERS ON THE WESTERN SHORE 



C opyright hy Review of Reviews Co. 

ENERAL C. C. WASHRURN (ORGANIZER OF THE SECOND WISCONSIN CAVALRY) AND STAFF 


Wisconsin sent ninety thousand ol her sons into the struggle, and her infantry and cavalry won records for themselves m the m.nor, 
,nt by no means inglorious, operations west of the Mississippi. In Missouri and Arkansas they protected the inhabitant, from outlaw 
>ands and resisted the raids of the Confederates, helping the Union forces on the other side finally to gain possess,on of the nver. 


















THE MOUNTED POLICE OF THE WEST 


Stalwart horsemen such as these bore the brunt of keeping order in the turbulent regions fought over by the armies in the West. 
The bugle call, “Boots and Saddles!” might summon them to fight, or to watch the movements of the active Confederates, Van Dorn 
and Price. It was largely due to their daring and bravery that the Confederate forces were held back from the Mississippi so as not 
to embarrass the movements of Grant and the gunboats. Of this unattached cavalry of the Army of the Ohio were the men in the 
upper picture—Company D, Fourth Kentucky Volunteers, enlisted at Louisville, December, 1861 . 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co, 




J vl 1 





*33 , 


OFFICERS OF THE FOURTH KENTUCKY CAVALRY 




































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What an excellent example of open-air group portraiture—the work of Gardner s camera! But photography 
can add nothing to the fame of these men, gathered together in an idle hour to chat about the strategy of 
the war. Seated in the center is Count Zeppelin, of the Prussian Army, later the winner of honors with his 
airship and then on a visit to America to observe the Civil War. To his left is Lieutenant Rosencranz, a 
Swedish officer, on leave of absence, observing the war at close range as General McClellan’s personal aide- 
de-camp. He successively served Burnside, Hooker and Meade in the same capacity. His brave and 
genial disposition made him a universal favorite. The other men are Americans, conspicuous actors as well 
as students in the struggle. On the ground, to the left, sits Major Ludlow, who commanded the colored 
brigade which, and under his direction, in the face of a continual bombardment, dug Dutch Gap Canal 
on the James. The man in the straw hat is Lieut. Colonel Dickinson, Assistant Adjutant General to Hooker, 
a position in which he served until the Battle of Gettysburg, where he was wounded. Standing is Colonel 
Ulric Dahlgren, serving at the time on Meade’s staff. Even the loss of a leg could not quell his indomitable 
spirit, and he subsequently sacrificed his life in an effort to release the Federal prisoners at Libby and 

Belle Isle. 










THE ADVENTUROUS GUNBOAT CONESTOGA 

Lying at anchor in the Ohio River this little wooden gunboat is having the finishing touches put to her equipment while her officers 
and men are impatiently waiting for the opportunity to bring her into action. A side-wheel river steamer originally, she was pur¬ 
chased at Cincinnati by Commander John Rodgers in the spring of 1861 and speedily converted into a gunboat. Her boilers and 
steam pipes were lowered into the hold and the oaken bulwarks five inches thick which we see were put on her and pierced for guns. 
She got her first taste of fighting when, at Lucas Bend, she engaged the land batteries and a Confederate gunboat, September 10, 1861. 
She was present at Fort Henry in the second division of the attacking fleet, and also at Fort Donelson. 



THE TYLER 

A sister-ship of the Conestoga. She was present both at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. 






























SOUTH CAROLINA MEN IN BLUE, SPRING 1861 Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


These officers of the Flying Artillery we see here entering the Confederate service at Sullivan’s Island, Charleston Harbor, still wear¬ 
ing the blue uniforms of their volunteer organization. It was one of the state militia companies so extensively organized 
throughout the South previous to the war. South Carolina was particularly active in this line. After the secession of the 
State the Charleston papers were full of notices for various military companies to assemble for drill or for the distribution of arms 
and accoutrements. Number 2 of this group is Allen J. Green, then Captain of the Columbia Flying Artillery (later a Major in the 
Confederate service). No. 4 is W. K. Bachman, then a 4th Lieutenant, later Captain in the German Volunteers, a state infantry 
organization that finally entered the artillery service and achieved renown as Bachman's Battery. No. 3 is ANilmot D. de Saussure; 
No. 7 is John Waites, then Lieutenant and later Captain of another company. After 1863, when the Confederate resources were 
waning, the Confederate soldiers were not ashamed to wear the blue clothing brought in by the blockade runners. 



Confederate Uniforms at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863.—According to a Northern authority, Lee s veterans in 1863 were the finest 
infantry on earth!” In this picture we see three of them taken prisoners at Gettysburg and caught by the camera of a Imon 
photographer. These battle-stained Confederates had no glittering uniforms to wear; they marched and fought in any garb they were 
fortunate enough to secure and were glad to carry with them the blankets which would enable them to snatch some rest at night. 



prov 

better account of themselves 


The memory of their heroism is the common heritage of all the people of the great Republic. 









































“ HISTORY BROUGHT AGAIN INTO THE PRESENT TENSE ” 

The value of “The Photographic Record as History” is emphasized in the contribution from Mr. George 
Haven Putnam on page 60. This photograph of a dramatic scene was taken on a July day after the photog¬ 
rapher's own heart—clear and sunny. The fort is at the end of Peach Tree Street, Atlanta, to the north 
of the city. Sherman had just taken possession, and the man at the left is a cavalryman of his forces. 
The mire-caked wheels of the guns show that they have been dragged through miles and miles of muddy 













Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

CONFEDERATE EARTHWORKS BEFORE ATLANTA, 1864 

roads. The delays Sherman had met with in his advance on Atlanta resulting in constant and indecisive 
fighting without entrapping Johnston, had brought about a reaction at the North A large party wished to 
end the war. Election Day was approaching. Lincoln was a presidential candidate for the second time 
He had many enemies. But the news of Sherman’s capture of Atlanta helped to restore confidence, and 
to insure the continuation of the administration pledged to a vigorous prosecution of the war. 





































































A STRIKING WAR PHOTOGRAPH OF ’63 

The introduction on page 30, “Photographing the Civil War,” remarks on the genius required to record 
such vivid action by camera in the days of ’61. The use of the instrument had not then become pastime; 
it was a pioneer science, requiring absolute knowledge, training, and experience. Only experts like the men 
that Brady trained could do such work as this. There were no lightning shutters, no automatic or universal 
focus. In positions of danger and at times when speed and accuracy were required, there was the delicacy 
of the old-fashioned wet plate to consider, with all its drawbacks. No wonder people were surprised that 
pictures such as this exist; they had grown used to the old woodcut and the often mutilated attempts of 
pen and pencil to portray such scenes of action. There are many who never knew that photography was 












Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


ARTILLERY “REGULARS” BEFORE CHANCELLORSVILLE 


possible in the Civil War. Yet look at this Union battery, taken by the shore of the Rappahannock, just 
before the battle of Chancellorsville. Action, movement, portraiture are shown. We can hear the officer 
standing in front giving his orders; his figure leaning slightly forward is tense with spoken words of com¬ 
mand. The cannoneers, resting or ramming home the charges, are magnificent types of the men who 
made the Army of the Potomac—the army doomed to suffer, a few days after this picture was taken, its crush¬ 
ing repulse by the famous flanking charge of “Stonewall Jackson; yet the army which kept faith and 
ultimately became invincible in the greatest civil war of history. Within sixty days after the ( hancellors- 
ville defeat the troops engaged won a signal triumph over the self-same opponents at Gettysburg. 











FORT DE RUSSEY 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 



OFFICERS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH NEW YORK VOLUNTEERS 



DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON—CAMP OF THE 


FIRST CONNECTICUT HEAVY ARTILLERY 


Here we see some of the guardians of the city of Washington, which was threatened in the beginning of the war and subsequently on 
occasions when Lincoln, looking from the White House, could see in the distance the smoke from Confederate camp fires. Lincoln 
would not consent to the withdrawal of many of the garrisons about Washington to reinforce McClellan on the Peninsula. I here 
was little to relieve the tedium of guard duty, and the men spent their time principally at drill and in keeping their arms and ac¬ 
couterments spick and span. The troops in the tents and barracks were always able to present a fine appearance on review. In 
sharp contrast was that of their battle-scarred comrades who passed before Lincoln when he visited the fiont. horeign militarj at¬ 
taches often visited the forts about Washington. In the center picture we see two of them inspecting a gun. 




















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It is a marvelous coincidence that the roof-tree of this house, to which a family had resorted at the outbreak of 
the war in order to escape the visitations of armies, should have sheltered the signing of the paper which 
brought peace. Mr. McLean and his family were living on the battlefield at Bull Run at the time of the 
first engagement of the war. In search of peace and seclusion from the military operations in that area he 
moved to southeastern Virginia. In his humble parlor, near Appomattox Courthouse, Grant and Lee met 
lour years later to end the struggle, on April 9, 1805. The unpretentious furniture used by the famous 
leaders on this solemn morning has all been preserved as mementoes for the nation. The apple tree, about 
half a mile from the Courthouse, where the generals met before repairing to the McLean house, was early 
carried away by relic hunters piece by piece, down to the very roots. 



































W a 

1 K\ 


1 






AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE WAR GAME 


A problem for the practical railroad man. It takes all kinds of people to make up a world and it takes all kinds of men to make up 
an army. In the volunteer forces that fought in the ranks of both North and South were men of every calling, every profession, 
mechanics, artisans, artificers, men familiar with machine-shop practice as well as the men of field and plow, and the thinking soldier 
whose hand was as ready with the pen as with the sword. Was an engine-driver needed, or a farrier or carpenter, the colonel of a 
regiment had but to shout. But so important did the lines of communication by railway become to both armies that separate com- 














Umr * 

Kg' 








COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 

REPAIRING AFTER THE CONFEDERATE RAID ON POPE’S LINE OF MARCH 


mands of practical engineers, trackmen, and wreckers had to be organized and maintained. Train-wrecking seems a cruel act of de¬ 
liberate vandalism, yet it is part of warfare. When penetrating the enemy’s country over unpatroled and ill-guarded routes, the 
engine-driver might expect any time to see just ahead of him, and too late to call for brakes, the misplaced rail or the broken cul¬ 
vert that would hurl him and his train, laden sometimes with human freight, into river-bed or deep abyss. War leads to strenuous 
life and deeds of daring, and upon no force was the labor and the danger harder than the men of the track and throttle. 















McClellan s last advance 


This splendid landscape photograph of the pontoon bridge at Berlin, Maryland, was taken in October, 1862. 
On the 26th McClellan crossed the Potomac here for the last time in command of an army. Around this 
quiet and picturesque country the Army of the Potomac bivouacked during October, 1862, leaving two corps 
posted at Harper’s Ferry to hold the outlet of the Shenandoah Valley. At Berlin (a little village of about 
four hundred inhabitants), McClellan had his headquarters during the reorganization of the army, which he 
considered necessary after Antietam. The many reverses to the Federal arms since the beginning of the war 
had weakened the popular hold of the Lincoln Administration, and there was constant political pressure for 
an aggressive move against Lee. McClellan, yielding at last to this demand, began advancing his army into 
Virginia. Late on the night of November 7th, through a heavy rainstorm, General Buckingham, riding post- 




















COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


.-gsrjmrr — 


THE CROSSING AFTER ANTIETAM 


baste from Washington, reached McClellan’s tent at Rectortown, and handed him Stanton’s order reliev¬ 
ing him from command. Burnside was appointed his successor, and at the moment was with him in the 
tent. Without a change of countenance, McClellan handed him the despatch, with the woids. Wtll, Burn 
side, you are to command the army.” Whatever may have been Met lellan s fault, the moment chosen for 
his removal was most inopportune and ungracious. His last advance upon Lee was excellently planned, and 
he had begun to execute it with great vigor-the van of the army having reached Warrenton on Novem¬ 
ber 7th, opposed only by half of Lee’s army at Culpeper, while demonstrations across the gaps of the Blue 
Ridge compelled the retention of Jackson with the other half in the Shenandoah \ alle} . Nt\er before had 
the Federal military prospect been brighter than at that moment. 


4 














































f n 

iT M 

■ ; Ay 


COPYRIGHT BY REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO 


FAIRFAX COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA 


Pope’s retirement from the field of Bull Run gave the famous Confederate cavalry leader, J. E. B. Stuart, 
a splendid opportunity for the kind of warfare he most delighted in. No sooner had the Federals started 
than Stuart was following them. Ascertaining that their main body was at Centreville and Fairfax Court 
House, he planned to make an attack on the pike between the two places. A section of the famous 
Washington Artillery took position just after dark on August 31st, within range of a road completely filled 
with a continuous stream of Federal army wagons making their way toward the Court House. A few 
rounds from the Confederate guns threw “everything into confusion, and such commotion, upsetting, 
collisions, and smash-ups were rarely ever seen.’’ Stuart bivouacked that night near ( hantilly, and 
after Jackson came up on September 1st, tried to force his way down the pike toward Fairfax ( ourt 
House. But the Federals were too strong in number at that point. The next day (September "2d) Hal- 
leck sent word to Pope to bring his army back to Washington. Stuart then promptly took possession oi 
Fairfax Court House, after a sharp skirmish with some of Sumner s departing troops. 























COPYRIGHT, 1911, KfcVltW Or MtVItWb GO. 


THE BLUNDER 


AT THE BRIDGE 


Burnside’s Bridge, as it was called after Antietam, bears the name of a noted federal geneial not because 
of the brilliant maneuver which he vainly tried to execute in his efforts to cross it, but rather because of the 
gallant resistance offered here by the Confederates. General Toombs, with two Georgia regiments (the Second 
and the Twentieth) stood off a greatly superior force during the 16th and the greater part of the 17th of 
September. This bridge (on the road from Sharpsburg to Porterstown and Rohersville) was not forced till 
late in the afternoon, when Burnside, after a series of delays and ineffectual attempts, managed to throw 
his troops across Antietam Creek. The battle, however, was then practically decided. Toombs’ forces 
saved the Confederate right wing—to him Lee and Longstreet gave the highest pi aise. 


















COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 

THE SUMMIT OF SLAUGHTER 

Marye’s House marked the center of the Confederate position on the Heights, before which the Federals 
fell three deep in one of the bravest and bloodiest assaults of the war. The eastern boundary of the Marye 
estate was a retaining wall, along which ran a sunken road; on the other side of this was a stone wall, shoulder 
high, forming a perfect infantry parapet. Here two brigades of Confederates were posted and on the crest 
above them were the supporting batteries, while the slope between was honeycombed with the rifle-pits 
oi the sharpshooters, one of which is seen in the picture. Six times did the Federals, raked by the deadly 
fire of the Washington Artillery, advance to within a hundred yards of the sunken road, only to be driven 
back by the rapid volleys of the Confederate infantry concealed there. Less than three of every five men 
in Hancock's division came back from their charge on these death-dealing heights. 1 he complete re¬ 
pulse of the day and the terrific slaughter were the barren results of an heroic effort to obey orders. 

















COPYRIGHT, 


REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


THE BRIDGES THAT A BAND OF MUSIC THREATENED 


U Franklin Crossing, on the Rappahannock, occurred an incident that proves how little things may change 
he whole trend of the best-laid plans. The left Union wing under the command of General Franklin, 
composed of the First Army Corps under General Reynolds, and the Sixth under General TV. S. Smith, 
vas crossing to engage in the battle of Fredericksburg. For two days they poured across these yielding 
blanks between the swaying boats to the farther shore. Now, in the crossing of blidges, mo\ in_, bodies of 
men must break step or even well-built structures might be threatened. The colonel of one of the regi¬ 
ments in General Devens’ division that led the van ordered his field music to strike up just as the head 
A the column swept on to the flimsy planking; before the regiment was half-way across, unconsciously the 
men had fallen into step and the whole fabric was swaying to the cadenced feet. Vibrating like a great fiddle- 
string, the bridge would have sunk and parted, but a keen eye had seen the danger. “Stop that music! 
was the order, and a staff officer spurred his horse through the men, shouting at top voice. The lone charge 
was made through the marching column: some jumped into the pontoons to avoid the hoofs; a few went 
overboard; but the head of the column was reached at last, and the music stopped. A greater blunder 
than this, however took place on the plains beyond. Owing to a misunderstanding of orders, 37,000 
troops were never brought into action; 17,000 men on their front bore the brunt ot a long day s fighting. 


















PILOT W. J. AUSLINTY 



PILOT DAVID HEINER 


HEROES OF THE WHEEL-HOUSE 





PILOT CHARLES ROSS 



THE UNARMORED CONNING TOWER 


Look into these six keen eyes which knew every current and 
eddy, every snag and sandbar of the Mississippi. To the hands 
of men like these the commanders of the Federal gunboats 
owed the safe conduct of their vessels. No 
hearts more fearless nor hands more steady 
under fire were brought into the fighting on 
either side. Standing silently at the wheel, 
their gaze fixed on the familiar countenance 
of the river before them, they guided the 
gunboats through showers of shell. Peering 
into the murky night, they felt their way 
through shallow channels past watchful bat¬ 
teries whose first shot would be aimed against 
the frail and unprotected pilot house. 

There was no more dangerous post than the 
pilot house of a gunboat, standing as a target 
for the gunners, who knew that to disable the 
pilot was to render the vessel helpless to drift 
hither and yon or to run aground to be riddled 
full of holes. After the Inland Fleet passed 


from the control of the army to that of the navy the pilots 
of all the gunboats except Ellet’s rams were brevetted acting 
masters or masters’ mates and wore the uniform of the 
navy. Their services and bravery were fully 
recognized by the commanders, and their 
intimate knowledge of the river admitted 
them to conferences in which the most secret 
and difficult naval movements were planned. 
A river pilot knew when he could take his 
vessel over sandbars and inundated shallows 
where soundings would have turned back any 
navigating officer of the navy. Such valuable 
.men were never safe. Even when passing up 
and down apparently peaceful reaches of the 
river the singing of some sharpshooters’ 
bullet would give sudden warning that along 
the banks men were lying in wait for them. 
The mortality among the pilots during the war 
speaks volumes for the simple heroism of 
these silent men. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


THE TARGET OF THE 
SHARPSHOOTERS 


















would follow. The control of the 
lower Mississippi, if complete, 
would have enabled the Confed¬ 
erate Government to draw almost 
unlimited supplies from the vast 
country to the west of the river, 
and undoubtedly would have 
prolonged the war. The failure 
of Farragut’s plan and his defeat 
would have meant a most crush¬ 
ing blow to the North. But in 
his trust in his officers and his 
own fearless courage there was 
small chance of failure. Calm 
and collected he went through the 
ordeal, and when safe above the 
forts he saw Bailey’s vessels 
waiting, and one by one his other 
ships coming up, he knew that 
his stupendous undertaking was 
a success. 


The whole of the North rose in elation at the news of the capture of New Orleans; but the surrender of the city at the mouth of the 
river did not mean complete possession. From Vicksburg southward, the long line of the river and the land on either side was yet 
in the possession of the Confederates. Baton Rouge and Natchez surrendered on demand. On May 29th, transports carrying the 
troops of General Williams came down the river after a reconnaissance at Vicksburg. Farragut was anchored off the town of Baton 
Rouge. He reported to Williams that a body of irregular Confederate cavalry had fired into one of his boats, wounding an officer 
and two men, and that he had been compelled to open his batteries upon the shore. Williams at once occupied the town in force. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


A FLAGSHIP IN UNFRIENDLY WATERS 
The Hartford Lying Close to the Levee at Baton Rouge 


David G. Farragut, Who Com¬ 
manded the Fleets at New Or- * 
leans. No man ever succeeded 
in impressing his own personality 
and infusing his confidence and 
enthusiasm upon those under his 
command better than did David 
Glasgow' Farragut. In drawing 
up the plans and assuming the 
responsibility of what seemed to 
be a desperate and almost fool¬ 
hardy deed, Farragut showed his 
genius and courage. His attack 
was not a blind rush, trusting to 
suddenness for its effect; it was 
a well-studied, well-thought-out 
plan. Nothing w’as neglected 
“which prudence could suggest, 
foresight provide, or skill and 
science devise.” Farragut was 
well aware of the results that 

DAVID GLASGOW FARRAGUT 

THE MAN WHO DARED 






























COALING 



FARRAGUT’S FLEET 

AFTER 

NEW ORLEANS 


Coaling Farragut’s Fleet at Baton Rouge. If “a ship without a captain is like a man without a soul,” 
as runs an old naval saying, a vessel dependent upon steam power with empty bunkers is as a man deprived 
of heart-blood, nerves, or muscles; and a few days after New Orleans, Farragut’s vessels faced a serious crisis. 
Captain A. T. Mahan has summed it up in the following words: “ . . . The maintenance of the coal supply 
for a large squadron, five hundred miles up a crooked river in a hostile country, was in itself no small anxiety, 
involving as it did carriage of the coal against the current, the provision of convoys to protect the supply 
vessels against guerillas, and the employment of pilots, few of whom were to be found, as they naturally 
favored the enemy, and had gone away. The river was drawing near the time of lowest water, and the 
flag-ship herself got aground under very critical circumstances, having had to take out her coal and shot, 
and had even begun on her guns, two of which were out when she floated off.” Many of the up-river gun¬ 
boats could burn wood, and so, at a pinch and for a short time, coidd the smaller steamers with Farragut. 
But the larger vessels required coal, and at first there was not much of it to be had, although there were 
some colliers with the fleet and more were dispatched later. In the two pictures of this page we are shown 
scenes along the levee in 1862, at Baton Rouge, and out in the river, a part of the fleet. The vessel with 
sails let down to dry is the sloop-of-war Mississippi; ahead of her and a little inshore, about to drop her 
anchor, is one of the smaller steamers that composed the third division of the fleet. Nearby lies a mortar 
schooner and a vessel laden with coal. Baton Rouge, where Farragut had hoisted his flag over the arsenal, 
was policed by a body of foreigners employed by the municipal authority. The mayor had declared that 
the guerilla bands which had annoyed the fleet were beyond his jurisdiction, saying that he was responsible 
only for order within the city limits. There was some coal found in the city belonging to private owners, 
and the lower picture shows the yards of Messrs. Hill and Markham, who, through the medium of Mr. 
Bryan, the Mayor, opened negotiations with Farragut for its sale. 


THE 

COALING YARD 

AT 

BATON ROUGE 



^opyngru oy Keview of Reviews Co. 


















Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN AND HIS STAFF 

A picture taken in the fall of 1861, when McClellan was at the headquarters of General George W. Morell, 
commanding a brigade in Fitz John Porter s Division. Morell was then stationed on the defenses of 
Washington at Minor’s Hill in Virginia and General McClellan was engaged in transforming the raw 
recruits in the camps near the national capital into the finished soldiers of the Army ol the 1 otomac. 
“Little Mac,” as they called him, was at this time at the height of his popularity. 










MEN JACKSON COULD AFFORD TO LOSE 


These two hundred Confederate soldiers captured the day after “Stonewall ” Jackson’s victory at Front Royal, were an insignificant 
reprisal for the damage done to the Federal cause by that dashing and fearless Confederate leader. When Richmond was threatened 
both by land and water in May, 18 G 2 , Johnston sent Jackson to create a diversion and alarm the Federal capital. Rushing down 
the Valley of the Shenandoah, his forces threatened to cut off and overwhelm those of General Banks, who immediately began a re¬ 
treat. It became a race between the two armies down the \ alley toward Winchester and Harper’s Ferry. Forced marches, sometimes 
as long as thirty-the miles a day, were the portion of both during the four weeks in which Jackson led his forces after the retreating 








Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

CONFEDERATE PRISONERS CAPTURED IN THE SHENANDOAH 

Federate, engaging them in six actions and two battles, in all of which he came off victorious. Just after these prisoners were taken. 
Banks was driven north of the Potomac. Once more a panic spread through the North, and both the troops of Banks and McDowell 
were held in the vicinity of Washington for its defense. But Jackson’s purpose was accomplished. He had held Banks in the Shenan¬ 
doah Valley until McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign was well advanced. Then again by forced marches his men disappeared up 
the Valley to join Lee in teaching the overconfident Union administration that Richmond was not to be won without long and 
costly fighting. But a year later the Confederacy lost this astonishing military genius. 


















Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

ENTER THE NEW COMMANDER 

These men look enough alike to be brothers. They were so in arms, at Y\est Point, in Mexico and throughout the war. General 
Joseph E. Johnston (on the left), who had led the Confederate forces since Bull Run, was wounded at Fair Oaks. That wound gave 
Robert E. Lee (on the right) his opportunity to act as leader. After Fair Oaks, Johnston retired from the command of the army 
defending Richmond. The new commander immediately grasped the possibilities of the situation which confronted him. The 
promptness and completeness with which he blighted McClellan’s high hopes of reaching Richmond showed at one stroke that the Con¬ 
federacy had found its great general. It was only through much sifting that the North at last picked military leaders that could 
rival him in the field. 
































f 








* I 




I 








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A WESTERN LEADER—MAJOR-GENERAL FRANK P. BLAIR, JR., AND STAFF 

One of the most interesting characters in Missouri at the outbreak of the war was Frank P. Blair, Jr., of St. 
Louis, a Member of Congress. When Governor Jackson refused to obey President Lincoln’s proclamation 
and call out troops, Mr. Blair immediately raised a regiment of three-months men (the First Missouri Infan¬ 
try) which later became the First Missouri Light Artillery. The First Missouri, under Colonel Blair, assisted 
Captain Lyon, U. S. A., in the capture of Camp Jackson, May 10,1861. When, through Blair's influence, 
Lyon was made brigadier-general and placed in command of the Federal forces in Missouri, Governor 
Jackson and General Sterling Price at once ordered the militia to prepare itself for service on the Southern 
side, knowing that Lyon and Blair would quickly attack them. The First Missouri regiment accompanied 
General Lyon when he went to Booneville and dispersed over a thousand volunteers who had gathered 
there to enlist under the Confederacy, June 17th. This affair at Booneville practically made it impossible 
for Missouri to secede from the Union. Colonel Blair was promoted to brigadier-general in August, 1862, 
and was made major-general the following November. 

(This photograph was taken when General Blair was at the head of the Seventeenth Army Corps in 1864-65. The composition of 
his staff was announced November 9, 1864, from Smyrna Camp Ground, Georgia. In the picture the general is seated in the armchair; 
on his right is Assistant Inspector-General A. Ilickenlooper; on his left Assistant Adjutant-General C. Cadle, Jr. Standing are three 
of his aides-de-camp: from right to left, Logan Tompkins, William Henley, and G. R. Steele.) 











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OHIO SOLDIERS WHO FOUGHT UNDER GARFIELD FOR KENTUCKY 


The Forty-second Ohio Infantry was one of the regiments that helped to settle the position of Kentucky in the issue between the 
States. A large Southern element was contained within its borders although it had not joined the Confederacy, and in order to ob¬ 
tain recruits for their army, and to control the great salt works, lead-mines, and lines of railway, the Confederate authorities sent 
General Humphrey Marshall with a small force into eastern Kentucky in November, 1861. General Buell promptly formed a brigade 
from the Army of the Ohio, put it in command of James A. Garfield, Colonel of the Forty-second Ohio, with orders to drive General 
Marshall from the State. This was accomplished by the engagement at Middle Creek, January 10, 1862. This photograph was 
taken in 1864 w'hile the regiment was stationed at Plaquemine, Louisiana. 


General John Charles Fremont 
(1813-1890). Already a famous 
explorer and scientist, the first 
presidential candidate of the 
Republican party (in 1856), 
Fremont, at the outbreak of the 
war, hastened home from Eu¬ 
rope to take command of the 
newly created Western Depart¬ 
ment. He was born in Savan¬ 
nah, Georgia. His father w r as a 
Frenchman and his mother a 
Virginian, and his tempera¬ 
ment was characterized by all 
the impetuosity of such an 
ancestry. Upon his arrival in 
St. Louis he found things in 
great confusion. The Mis¬ 
sourians were divided in senti¬ 
ment and the home guards were 
unwilling to reenlist. The U. 
S. Treasurer at St. Louis had 


$300,000 in his hands, and Fre¬ 
mont called upon him for a 
portion of it to enable him to 
enlist men in the Federal cause. 
The Treasurer refused, but 
upon Fremont’s threatening to 
take $100,000 without further 
ceremony, the funds were 
turned over. With about four 
thousand troops, Fremont seized 
Cairo, and by various demon¬ 
strations checked the aggres¬ 
sive attitude of the Confederates 
on the Kentucky and Tennes¬ 
see borders, and of the South¬ 
ern sympathizers in Missouri. 
Before he was transferred out 
of the West in November, 1861, 
Fremont had raised an army of 
fifty-six thousand men, and was 
already advancing upon an ex¬ 
pedition down the Mississippi. 

GENERAL FREMONT (ON THE RIGHT) AND 
MRS. FREMONT 




















THE RETREAT DOWN THE RIVER. 

The Flag-ship of the Confederate Fleet at 
Island No. 10.—Below the dreaded battery 
at Island No. 10, lay Commodore George 
N. Hollins, with his flag-ship, the McRae 
and seven other Confederate gunboats, 
holding in check the Federal troops chafing 
to cross the river and get at the inferior 
force of the enemy on the other side. 
This opposing fleet was further strength¬ 
ened by a powerful floating battery which 
could be pushed about by the gunboats 
and anchored at the most effective points. 
When the Carondelet accomplished her 
daring feat of passing Island No. 10 on the 
night of April 4th, creeping stealthily by 
this boasted battery and cutting it off from 
its convoys, the men who manned it cut 
loose from their moorings and drifted 
down to the protection of Commodore 



COMMODORE GEORGE N. HOLLINS, 
C.S.N. 


Hollins’ vigilant fleet. All was at once 
activity on board the Confederate vessels. 
Commodore Hollins did not court a meet¬ 
ing to try conclusions with the powerful 
Eads gunboats and the mortar boats, 
which he supposed were all making their 
way down upon him. The flag at the 
masthead of the McRae quickly signaled 
the order to weigh anchor, and the Con¬ 
federate squadron, dropping slowly down¬ 
stream, confined its activities to storming 
Pope’s batteries on the Missouri shore 
below New Madrid. Farragut, threaten¬ 
ing New Orleans, had caused the with¬ 
drawal of every available Confederate gun¬ 
boat from the upper river, and the remain¬ 
ing river defense fleet under Commodore 
Hollins was not equal to the task of stand¬ 
ing up to the determined and aggressive 
attempt of the Federals to seize and hold 
possession of the upper Mississippi. 


\ 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


THE McRAE 




















Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


THE RICHMOND 

The Third Ship of the Center Division at the Passing of the Forts.—There was a current in the Mississippi that had to be taken 
into account in estimating the time that Farragut’s fleet would be under fire from the forts. The larger vessels were all so slow when 

under steam that, taking the rule that “a fleet is no faster than the slowest ship,” caused them literally to crawl past the danger 

points. The Richmond was the slowest of them all. Just as she neared the passageway through the obstructions her boilers began 
to foam, and she could just about stem the current and no more. The vessels of the third division passed her; but at last, with her 

bow pointed up the river, she was able to engage Fort Jackson. Opening with her port batteries, she hammered hard at the fort, 

and with small loss got by, followed by the little gunboat Sciota that had equal good fortune. When day dawned, the Richmond 
crept up to the anchored fleet and reported. It was feared at first that she had been lost or sunk. The battle of New Orleans was 
probably the most successful, and certainly the boldest, attempt ever made to match wooden ships against forts at close range. Al¬ 
though the Confederate gunboats were inferior to the Federal fleet, they also have to be taken into consideration for their brave and 
almost blind assault. If they had been assisted by the unfinished ironclads they might have borne different results, for the Louisiana, 
owflng to her unfinished condition never entered the fight. She was considered to be more powerful than the Merrimac. Certainly 
her armament would prove it, for she mounted tw r o 7-inch rifles, three 9-inch shell guns, four 8-inch smooth-bores, and 
seven 100-pounder rifles—in all sixteen guns. At the city of New Orleans was an unfinished ironclad that was expected to be even 
more powerful than the Louisiana. Only the arrival of Farragut’s fleet at this timely hour for the Federal cause prevented her from 
being finished. It was believed by her builders—and apparently, in view of the immunity of ironclads, with reason that not only 
could the Mississippi drive the Federal fleet out of the river, but that she w r ould be able to paralyze the whole of the w T ooden navy 
of the North, and might possibly go so far as to lay the Northern Atlantic cities under contribution. In order to prevent her from 
falling into the Federal hands she, like the Louisiana, was set on fire and drifted a wreck down the stream. Commander J. Alden, 
of the Richmond, was on the quarterdeck throughout the action and had seen to it that his vessel, like the others, was prepared 
in every way to render the chances of success more favorable. Cables w T ere slung over the side to protect her vulnerable parts, sand 
bags and coal had been piled up around her engines, hammocks and splinter-nettings were spread and rigged, and as the attempt 
to run the forts would be at night, no lights were allowed. Decks and gun-breeches were whitewashed to make them more visible 
in the darkness. Farragut’s orders had concluded with the following weighty sentence: I shall expect the most prompt attention 
to signals and verbal orders either from myself or the Captain of the fleet, who, it will be understood in all cases, acts by my author¬ 
ity.” The Richmond lost two men killed and four men wounded in the action. 


















On July 24th the fleet under Farragut and 
the troops that had occupied the position 
on the river bank opposite Vicksburg under 
the command of General Thomas Williams 
went down the river, Farragut proceeding 
to New Orleans and Williams once more 
to Baton Rouge. The latter had with¬ 
drawn from his work of cutting the canal 
in front of Vicksburg, and a few days after 
his arrival at Baton Rouge the Confederate 
General Van Dorn sent General J. C. 

Breckinridge to seize the post. On the 
morning of August 5, 1862, the Federal 
forces were attacked. Williams, who had 
with him only about twenty-five hundred 
men, soon found that a much larger force 
was opposed to him, Breckinridge having 
between five and six thousand men. The 
brunt of the early morning attack fell upon 
the Indiana and Michigan troops, who slow¬ 
ly fell back before the fierce rushes of the 
bravely led men in gray. At once, Williams 
ordered Connecticut, Massachusetts, and 
W isconsin regiments to go to their relief, sending at the same 
time two sections of artillery to his right wing. The Federal 
gunboats Katahdin and Kineo opened fire on Breckinridge’s lines 


at a signal from General Williams, who 
indicated their position. For almost two 
hours the battle raged fiercely, the firing be¬ 
ing at short range and the fighting in some 
cases hand-to-hand. The Twenty-first 
Indiana regiment having lost all its field 
officers. General Williams placed himself at 
its head, exposing himself repeatedly, and 
refusing all pleadings to go to the rear. 
As he was bravely leading his men, he was 
killed almost instantly by a bullet that 
passed through his chest; and the Federal 
forces, concentrating, fell back on the out¬ 
skirts of the town. The Confederates, who 
had also suffered heavily, fell back also, 
retreating to their camp. The action was 
a drawn fight, but in the loss of the brave 
veteran of the Mexican War who had led 
them the land forces of the lower Missis¬ 
sippi sustained a severe blow. General 
Williams’ body was sent to New Orleans 
on an artillery transport which was sunk 
in collision with the Oneida off Donaldson- 
ville, Louisiana, a few days after the battle. Baton Rouge 
was abandoned by the Federals on August 20th. Breckinridge 
had previously retired to Port Hudson. 



THE FEDERAL DEFENDER OF 
BATON ROUGE 



THE ARTILLERY TRANSPORT THAT WAS SUNK OFF DONALDSONYILLE, LOUISIANA, WITH GENERAL 

WILLIAMS’ BODY ON BOARD— AUGUST, 1862 


































HOW PICK AND SHOVEL SERVED 

Rear Section, Seven Mortars, of Union Battery No. 4. In order to make it impossible for Confederate sharpshooters to pick off the 
gunners, the batteries were placed in elaborate excavations. At No. 4 the entire bank of Wormley s Creek was dug away. General 
McClellan personally planned the location of some of these batteries for the purpose of silencing the Confederate artillery tire. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


WASTED TRANSPORTATION 


with their ammunition, all 


Both Sections of Union Battery No. 4. ^ The heavy barge at the S“the Thire they were laboriously 

the way from Fortress Monroe up the York River and Worra ey the dav of the evacuation the six batteries equipped were in 

set up, and, without firing a shot, were as laboriously removed On heyday * defenses around Yorkt own. 

condition to throw one hundred and seventy-five tons ot metal aa y 



















TH1C GERMAN DIVISION SENT AGAINST JACKSON 































FIRST FOOTHOLD ON THE SOUTHERN COAST.—THE FIFTIETH PENNSYLVANIA 

Although the 12,600 troops under Brigadier-General Thomas W. Sherman took no part in the bombardment of the forts at Port Royal 
in November, 1861, their work was cut out for them when the abandoned works had to be occupied and rendered adequate for the 
defense of the Federal naval base here established upon the Southern coast. Particularly active in these operations was the brigade 
of General Stevens. We see him with his staff at his headquarters, an old Colonial mansion near Hilton Head. The Fiftieth Pennsyl¬ 
vania in Stevens Brigade won its first laurels in the campaigning and fighting which followed upon the connuest of Port Royal. 



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GENERAL ISAAC I. STEVENS AND STAFF 






















Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

THE CLOSING OF SAVANNAH, APRIL 12, 1862 


This terrific punishment was inflicted upon the nearest angle of the fort by the thirty-six heavy rifled cannon and the mortars which 
the Federals had planted on Big Tybee Island, and by the gunboats which had found a channel enabling them to get in the rear of the 
fort. We get a more distant view of the angle in the lower picture. Fort Pulaski had been effectually blockaded since February, 1862, 
as a part of the Federal plan to establish supreme authority along the Atlantic coast from Wassaw Sound, below Savannah, north to 
Charleston. On April 10, 1862, General Hunter demanded the surrender of Fort Pulaski and when it was refused opened the bom¬ 
bardment. For two days the gallant garrison held out and then finding the fort untenable, surrendered. This enabled the Federal 
Government effectually to close Savannah against contraband traffic. 



FORT PULASKI AT THE ENTRANCE TO SAVANNAH RIVER 













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Federal Floating Mortar Battery at 
Fort Pillow. There would have been 
no engagement at Fort Pillow had it 
not been for the continued annoyance 
inflicted upon that position by the 
curious little craft—one of which we 
see tied up to the wharf in the lower 
picture. Secure in the knowledge 
that Beauregard’s presence with a 
large force at Corinth had precluded 
the Federal land attack. General 
Villepigue awoke one morning to the 
sound of bursting shells which a Fed¬ 
eral mortar boat was rapidly dropping 
over his ramparts. Every day there¬ 
after, Flag-Officer Foote continued to 
pay compliments to Fort Pillow by 
sending down a mortar boat towed 
by a gunboat of the type seen in the 
picture. There was nothing for the 
Confederates to do but take to their 
bomb-proofs, so long as the Federal 
gunners continued the bombardment. 

At last General Villepigue, chafing 
under the damage done to his works, 
called urgently upon the Confederate 
flotilla to come up and put an end to the mortar boats. Early 
on the morning of May 10, 1862, the day after Flag-Officer 
Foote went North, leaving Captain Davis in charge of the 
Federal flotilla, the Cincinnati towed mortar No. 16 down to 


the usual position for shelling the 
fort, and then tied up to the edge of 
the stream to protect her. The 
mortar fired her first shot at five 
o’clock. One hour and a half later 
the eight rams of the Confederate 
River Defense fleet suddenly and un¬ 
expectedly appeared bearing down 
upon the Cincinnati. The latter 
quickly slipped her moorings, and 
opened her bow guns upon the ap¬ 
proaching vessels. One of these, the 
General Bragg, passed quickly above 
the Federal ironclad, turned and 
struck her a violent blow on the star¬ 
board quarter. After that the Bragg 
disappeared down the river, but the 
General Price and the Sumter con¬ 
tinued the attack. One struck the 
Cincinnati again, but the other re¬ 
ceived a shot through her boilers from 
the Benton, and this ended her part of 
the fight. The wounded Cincinnati 
was helped to the shore and sunk. 
The other Federal ironclad had now 
come upon the scene and the melee 
became general. The General Van Dorn rammed the Mound 
City so severely that she was compelled to run on the 
Arkansas shore. After that the Confederate rams returned to 
Fort Pillow’ and the half hour's thrilling fight w 7 as over. 



general j. b. villepigue 

THE DEFENDER OF FORT PILLOW 



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BOATS THAT BROUGHT ON THE BATTLE 



















t.- • • -r.... - r- '« 




















Copyriyht by Review of Reviews Co. 

A RANGER OF THE RIVER 

This little “tinclad" is typical of the so-called Mosquito Fleet, officially known as “Light Drafts,” which rendered a magnificent 
minor service in the river operations of the navy. Up narrow tributaries and in and out of tortuous and shallow bayous, impassable 
for the larger gunboats, these dauntless fighting craft pushed their way, capturing Confederate vessels twice their size, or boldly en¬ 
gaging the infantry and even the field-batteries of the enemy, which wqre always eagerly pressing the shores to annoy the invading 
fleet. To Flag-Officer Davis, during his command on the Mississippi, the Federals owed the idea of these light-draft stern-wheel 
vessels, most of which were ordinary river steamers purchased and altered to suit the purposes of the navy. Covered to a height of 
eleven feet above the water line with railroad iron a half to three-quarters of an inch thick, and with their boilers still further pro¬ 
tected, they were able to stand up to the fire of even moderate-sized guns. Many a gun in the Confederate fleets and forts w r as silenced 
by the well-directed fire of the tw r o light bow T -rifles with which some of the tinclads were equipped. 














McClellan s headquarters before yorktown 

Camp Winfield Scott, near Wormley’s Creek. General McClellan was a stickler for neatness. His headquarters were models of 
military order. The guard always wore white gloves, even in the active campaign. Here we see the general’s chargers with their 
grooms, the waiting orderlies and the sentry standing stiffly at support arms. At the left is the guardhouse with stacked muskets. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

THE TENTED MEADOW 


Overlooking the camp from near McClellan’s headquarters. Little hardships had these troops seen as yet. Everything was new and 
fresh, the horses well fed and fat, the men happy and well sheltered in comfortable tents. 
















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McDowell and McClellax—two union leaders whose 
PLANS “STONEWALL” JACKSON FOILED 

In General McClellan’s plan for the Peninsula Campaign of 1862, General McDowell, with the First Army 
Corps of 37,000 men, was assigned a most important part, that of joining him before Richmond. Lincoln had 
reluctantly consented to the plan, fearing sufficient protection was not provided for Washington. By the 
battle of Kernstown, March 23d, in the Valley of Virginia, Jackson, though defeated, so alarmed the Ad- 
ministration that McDowell was ordered to remain at Manassas to protect the capital. The reverse at Kerns¬ 
town was therefore a real triumph for Jackson, but with his small force he had to keep up the game of holding 
McDowell, Banks, and Fremont from reenforcing McClellan. If he failed, 80,000 troops might move up to 
Richmond from the west while McClellan was approaching from the North. But Jackson, on May 23d and 
25th, surprised Banks’ forces at Front Royal and Winchester, forcing a retreat to the Potomac. At the news 
of this event McDowell was ordered not to join McClellan in front of Richmond. 




























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THE GARDEN OF A SOUTHERN MANSION 


Here we see the garden of the manor house of John E. Seabrook on Edisto Island, off the Carolina coast. It is now in possession of 
the Federal troops, but the fine old house was unharmed, and the garden, although not in luxuriant bloom, gives an idea of its own 
beauty. In the distance are seen the slave quarters, and some of the old plantation servants have mingled with the troops when the 
picture was being taken. Observe the little colored boy saluting on the pedestal against which leans a Federal officer. 



THE SOUTHERN NAVAL BASE OF THE BLOCKADING SQUADRON OF THE NORTH 


The Transformation Wrought at Hilton Head by the Naval Engineers. Hilton Head became the base of supplies and the most im¬ 
portant part of the blockade, for it was within a few hours’ steaming of the ports of entry that the South depended upon in gaining 
supplies from the outer world. Savannah, Charleston, and Wilmington. After the Federal occupation it was turned into a busy 
place. Colliers were constantly landing and supplies of all kinds being sent out from here to the blockading vessels kept at sea. 



















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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co, 


A GENERAL FULL OF YEARS AND HONORS 


It was not given to many men, whose names became distinguished in the war, to look back upon forty-two years of actual service 
at the outbreak of hostilities. But such was the case with General Edwin V. Sumner, whom we see here with his staff, at St. Peter’s 
church, near New Kent Court House, Virginia, not far from White House Landing, during the Peninsula Campaign. In this sacred 
edifice George Washington had worshiped. When this picture rtas taken he was one year past the age when generals of the present 
day are deemed too old for service. Commanding the Second Army Corps in the Peninsula Campaign, he was twice wounded; and 
again, leading his men at Antietam, once more he received a wound. At Fair Oaks, in the first day’s battle, his military genius saved 
McClellan’s army. At Fredericksburg he commanded the right grand division of the Army of the Potomac. He died in Syracuse, 
New York, from the effects of his many wounds, beloved and honored, in March, 18G3. 


















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THE 

THREATENED 

FORT 

Fort Pickens, guard¬ 
ing the entrance to 
Pensacola Bay, 1861. 
Never was a perilous 
position more gallant¬ 
ly held than was Fort 
Pickens by Lieutenant 
A. J. Slemmer and his 
little garrison from 
January to May, 1861. 
A large force of Con¬ 
federates were con¬ 
stantly menacing the 
fort. Slemmer discov¬ 
ered a plot to betray 
the fort into the hands 
of a thousand of them 



on the night of April 
11th. Attempts to 
seize the fort by Con¬ 
federates gathered in 
force for the purpose 
were held off only by 
the timely arrival of 
gunboats with reen¬ 
forcements from the 
North. All the efforts 
to take Fort Pickens 
failed and it remained 
hi the hands of the 
Federals throughout 
the war. In the lower 
picture we see one of 
the powerful Confed¬ 
erate batteries at Fort 
McRee, which fired on 
Pickens from across 
the channel. 


Copyright by Review cf Reviews Co. 


















Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

THE 10-INCH COLUMBIAD AT FORT WALKER, HILTON HEAD, SOUTH CAROLINA 


^The Capture of the Confederate forts at Port Royal, South Caro¬ 
lina. On the 29th of October, 1861, there sailed from Hampton 
Roads the most formidable squadron ever fitted out in American 
waters—men-of-war commanded by Flag-Officer Samuel F. Du¬ 
Pont in the Wabash, and army transports with a force of twelve 
thousand men under General Thomas W. Sherman, bound for 
Port Royal Harbor, twenty 
miles north of the mouth of 
the Savannah River. On No¬ 
vember 1st, off Hatteras, a 
severe gale was encountered and 
for a time the fleet was much 
scattered, but by the 4th it 
was again united at the bar 
outside Port Royal Harbor over 
which the Wabash led the way. 

The harbor fortifications which 
had been erected by the 
Confederates were no small 
affairs. Fort Walker on Hilton 
Head Island was two miles and 
a half across the entrance from 
Fort Beauregard. Each had at 


least twenty guns of different caliber. On November 7th the 
Federal fleet attacked in close action. The men on shore were 
scarcely able to reply to the terrific broadsides of the main 
body of the big fleet as it passed back and forth through 
the harbor entrance, while other vessels outside enfiladed 
the forts. At the third round of the ships the Confed¬ 
erates could be seen leaving 
Fort Walker and before half¬ 
past two in the afternoon Com¬ 
mander Rodgers had planted the 
Federal flag on the ramparts. 
Before sunset Fort Beauregard 
was likewise deserted. This 
victory placed in possession of 
the North one of the finest 
harbors of the Southern coast. 
In the lower picture we see the 
ferry over the Coosaw River, 
near Port Royal, showing on 
the opposite shore the site of 
the Confederate batteries seized 
and demolished by General I. I. 
Stevens, January 1, 1862. 



FERRY ACROSS THE COOSAW, PORT ROYAL 



















THE LAST LETTER 


COLONEL EPHRAIM ELMER ELLSWORTH 


One of the First to Fall. The shooting of this young patriot profoundly shocked and stirred the Federals at the opening of the 
war. Colonel Ellsw'orth had organized a Zouave regiment in Chicago, and in April, 1861, he organized another from the Fire De¬ 
partment in New York City. Colonel Ellsworth, on May 24,1861, led his Fire Zouaves to Alexandria, Virginia, seized the city, and with 
his own hands pulled down a Southern flag floating over the Marshall House. Descending the stairs w 7 ith the flag in his hand, he 
cried, “Behold my trophy!” “Behold mine!” came the reply from the proprietor of the hotel, James T. Jackson, as he emptied 
a shotgun into Ellsworth’s breast. Jackson was immediately shot dead by Private Brownell. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

MARSHALL HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, 1861 






































































THE CLARION CALL TO ARMS 

The Stars and Bars are floating over the western barracks of Fort Sumter. On the parade the fiery South 
Carolina troops stand at attention. Their impetuous bombardment of April, 1861, has brought Major 
Anderson and his little garrison to surrender. Although not the first warlike move, the Star of the West 
episode in Charleston harbor and the seizures of Federal forts at Pensacola, Florida, having preceded it 
by weeks, the clash at Sumter convinced the nation that there was no escape from civil war. It electrified 
North and South alike. 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 



MAJOR ROBERT ANDERSON AND FAMILY 



















Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


THE STEAM FRIGATE BROOKLYN 


The Vessel that Followed the Flagship Past the Forts at New Orleans. When David Glasgow Farragut chose the Hartford as the 
ship to fly his flag, he picked out a craft that for her type (a steam frigate of the second class) was as fine as could be found in any 
navy in the world; and as much could be said for the Brooklyn, the second ship of the center division. She marked the transition 
period between sail and steam. Her tall masts were the inheritance of former days; her engines were merely auxiliary factors, for she 
could sail with all her canvas set and the proper wind to drive her faster than she could steam under the best conditions. Here we 
see her with royal, top-gallant sails, top-sails, and courses clewed up, and her funnel lowered to a level with her bulwarks. In pass¬ 
ing the forts at Xew Orleans, she presented no such appearance—her upper yards had been sent down, and with her engines doing 
their utmost, her funnel belching smoke, she swept slowly on into the line of fire. The first division, composed of eight vessels under 
command of Captain Theodorus Bailey on the Cayuga, was ahead. But every gunner in Fort Jackson and in Fort St. Philip had 
been told to “look out for the Hartford and the Brooklyn.” It was dark, but the fire-rafts, the soaring shells, and the flames from 
the guns afloat and ashore made everything as bright as day. By some mistake, the reports that were first sent to Washington of 
the passing of the forts contained an erroneous plan. It was the first or discarded drawing, showing the fleet in two divisions abreast. 
This was afterwards changed into the three-division plan in which Captain Bailey with the Cayuga led. It was not until four years 
after the closing of the war that this mistake was rectified, and many of the histories and contemporary accounts of the passing of 
the forts are entirely in error. The center division was composed of only three vessels, all of them steam frigates of the first class: 
the Hartford, flying Farragut’s flag, under Commander Wainwright; the Brooklyn, under Captain T. T. Craven, and the Richmond, 
under Commander J. Alden. In the first division were also the steam sloops-of-war Pensacola and Mississippi, and they already 
had been under fire for twenty minutes when the center division neared Fort Jackson. The flagship (really the ninth in line) steered 
in close to the shore, but was obliged to sheer across the stream in an attempt to dodge a fire-raft that was pushed by the Con¬ 
federate tug Mosher. It was a daring act performed by a little crew of half a dozen men, and as a deed of desperate courage has 
hardly any equal in naval warfare. The Mosher all but succeeded in setting the flag-ship in flames, and was sunk by a well-directed 
shot. The Brooklyn, after a slight collision with the Kineo, one of the vessels of Bailey’s division, and almost colliding witli the hulks 
in the obstructions, was hit by the ram Manassas a glancing blow—a little more and this would have sunk her, as both her inner 
and outer planking were crushed. But, like the flag-ship, she succeeded in passing safely. 




















Copyright „j Review of Reviews Co. 

THE VESSEL WITH THE ARMED PROW. THE FEDERAL RAM VINDICATOR 


An excellent example of the steam rams as developed from the ideas of Charles Ellet, Jr., adding a new chapter 
to the history of naval warfare. As far back as the siege of Sebastopol, in 1854, Charles Ellet—being then in 
Europe—proposed a plan to the Russians to ecjuip their blockaded fleet with rams. The plan was not 
adopted, and in 1855 he published a pamphlet outlining his idea and said, in proposing it to the United 
States Government, “I hold myself ready to carry it out in all its details whenever the day arrives that the 
United States is about to become engaged in a naval contest.” It was not until after the appearance of the 
Merrimac at Hampton Roads and the danger to Foote’s fleet on the Mississippi from Confederate rams that 
Ellet was given the opportunity to try his various projects and commissioned to equip several rams at 
Cincinnati. The project was regarded as a perilous one. Had it not been forEllet’s extraordinary personal 
influence he would never have been able to obtain crews for his rams, as they were entirely unarmored with 
the exception of the pilot-house, but Ellet had reasoned correctly that the danger from collision was im¬ 
mensely against the vessel struck, while the danger from shot penetrating a vital part of the approaching ram 
he proved was reduced to an unappreeiable fraction. He contented himself, therefore, with strengthening the 
hulls of the river steamers which he purchased, filling the bows with solid timbers and surrounding the boijers 
with a double tier of oak twenty-four inches thick. At Memphis the rams had their first trial and it resulted 
in complete vindication of Ellet’s theories. It was a vindication, however, which cost Ellet his life. He 
was mortally wounded in the fight at Memphis while in command of the Queen of the West. 
























Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


THE CONFEDERATE RAM GENERAL FRIGE 

The General Price was one of the Confederate vessels reconstructed as rams for the de¬ 
fense of the Mississippi upon the suggestion of two Mississippi River captains, Mont¬ 
gomery and Townsend. Their plan was inferior to that of EUet, but the appearance of 
the rams in the Confederate River Defense flotilla gave Ellet the opportunity to demon¬ 
strate the superiority of his own ideas. Charles H. Davis, a captain in the United States 
Navy, became Flag-Officer of the Mississippi flotilla on May 0, lSG^, relieving Foote, 
who had never recovered from the wound he had received at Fort Donelson. The next 
day, the attack, which had long been anticipated from the Confederate River Defense 
flotilla, came unexpectedly, but after an hour's action at close quarters the gunboats of 
Davis signally defeated the eight rams of the Confederates. As soon as Fort Pillow was 
abandoned, Davis moved down the river to Memphis, where the Confederate vessels had 
made another stand, and a vigorous battle followed. The entire Confederate fleet 
was captured or destroyed with the exception of one ram, the General Van Dorn. The 
General Price was badly injured by her sister the General Beauregard while both were 
trying to destroy the Ellet ram Monarch. The Price was run ashore. After the en¬ 
gagement Flag-Officer Davis received the surrender of Memphis. The General Price 
was repaired and, as a Federal vessel, took part in the bombardment of Vicksburg. 



FLAG-OFFICER CHARLES H. DAVIS 





















































































































































THE RAILROAD AS AN 

The Federals are clearing up the railroad, the Confederate 
damage to which compelled Pope to fall back in order to retard 
Lee’s advance toward Washington. “Stonewall” Jackson, 
who knew every foot of the Manassas region, did not despatch 
Ewell's forces with Stuart’s cavalry to fall upon Catlett’s 
Station and Manassas Junction for nothing. At Manassas the 
Confederates captured a million dollars’ worth of army reserve 
supplies, seriously crippling Pope’s movements for the re¬ 
mainder of the campaign. Meanwhile Jackson, pressing for¬ 
ward, united with Ewell and threatened Pope’s exposed flank. 
The purpose of the advance of Jackson to give battle to Pope 












COPYRIGHT 1911 REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 

ELEMENT IN WARFARE 

near Manassas and Bull Run was to prevent the concentration 
of a heavy Federal force between his column and Longstreet’s, 
then more than a day's march distant. The crippling of his 
railroad communication and the seizure of his stores were not 
in themselves sufficient to do this. In the pictures we see the 
work-trains of the Military Railroad removing the wreckage", 
gathering up debris to be used in repairing the road and its 
rolling-stock, and the tracks being relaid and guarded by the 
soldiers, before Pope could reestablish his railroad commu¬ 
nication, Lee’s clever maneuvers drew the Federals into the 
disastrous battle of Second Bull Run. 



[b] 












COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


A MAN OF WHOM MUCH WAS EXPECTED 


General Joseph Hooker. A daring and experienced veteran of the Mexican War, Hooker had risen in the Civil War from brigade com¬ 
mander to be the commander of a grand division of the Army of the Potomac, and had never been found wanting. His advancement 
to the head of the Army of the Potomac, on January 26, 1863, was a tragic episode in his own career and in that of the Federal arms. 
Gloom hung heavy over the North after Fredericksburg. Upon Hooker fell the difficult task of redeeming the unfulfilled political 
pledges for a speedy lifting of that gloom. It was his fortune only to deepen it. 










COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO 


SICKLES REVIEWS HIS EIGHTEEN THOUSAND TROOPS, 


UNAWARE OF JACKSON'S FLANKING MARCH 


The photograph, presented one-half above and one-half below, is 
a reflection of history in the very making. It was at midnight 
on May 1 , 1863, that Lee and Jackson sat on two cracker-boxes 
before their fire in the abandoned Union camp, and conceived 
the audacious idea of flanking the Federals. It was 5.30 the 
next morning that Jackson formed his devoted veterans in 
column, then bade his last farewell to his chief, and rode into the 
tangled forest. And it was the same morning that a Union 
photographer made this picture of Major-General Daniel E. 
Sickles reviewing his Third Corps of the Army of the Potomac, 
18,000 horse, foot, and artillery—all unsuspecting that a couple 
of miles distant 31,000 in gray were pushing across their front and 
around to the unprotected rear of the Union encampment. The 
confidence of the Federals was only natural. Who would have 


suspected that Lee, with less than 45,000 men, all told, would 
deliberately have detached more than two-thirds of them in the 
face of Hooker’s encamped 70,000? But Lee was a military genius, 
and genius knows when to dare—especially with a leader in the 
field like “Stonewall” Jackson, no less secret than swift. And so 
it befell that when the Confederate column was spied passing 
over a bare hill about a mile and a half from the left of Sickles's 
line, General Hooker supposed that such a movement could mean 
only a retreat. He ordered a pursuit. This drew a division 
away from a point where soon it was sorely needed. For Jack¬ 
son's Corps, having passed around the Federal right, formed in 
battle-line, burst through the woods in the rear of the unsuspect¬ 
ing Federals, and drove them in utter rout. It was a piece of 
strategy as daring as it was masterly. 



COPYRIGHT, 19l1j REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO 




































































































































Here, on the heights behind Fred¬ 
ericksburg, Lee’s veterans who 
had fought at Antietam opposed 
the Army of the Potomac under 
its new commander. Had Lee 
been given his choice he could 
not have selected a more advan¬ 
tageous position. Burnside’s fu¬ 
tile attempts to wrest these 
heights from the Confederates 
cost him 12,653 men in. killed, 
wounded, and missing. On the 
heights behind Fredericksburg, 
Lee’s soldiers, working night and 
day, had thrown up a double 
line of strong entrenchments and 
constructed a road to facilitate 
the transfer of troops behind the 
defenses. Everything that the 
engineering talent of the Con¬ 
federacy could suggest had been 
done. By the time Burnside 
moved his 113,000 troops against 
the 78,000 of Lee, Jackson, and 
Longstreet on December 13 , 
1862 , Marye’s Heights had been 
made impregnable. Four months 
later, in the Chancellorsville 
campaign (May 3 , 1863 ), Sedg¬ 
wick’s men fought over this same 
ground and carried the position. 
But then the main body of Lee's 
army was hotly engaged with 
Hooker and the Heights were not 
strongly defended. This photo¬ 
graph of Willis’s Hill (just south 
of Marye’s) was taken after 
Sedgwick occupied the position 
in 1863 . Willis’s Hill was, with 
great appropriateness, made a 
National Cemetery at Freder¬ 
icksburg after the war. 



WILLIS’S HILL, 









t 




[b] 


NEAR MARYE’S HEIGHTS 


COPYRIGHT, 


19 


REVI 


W OF REVIEWS CO. 

























COPYRIGHT, lyil, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO 


BY ORDER OF THE COMMANDING OFFICER 

Buildings in Line of Fire Condemned and Destroyed at Baton Rouge by Order of Colonel Halbert E. Paine. This view was photo¬ 
graphed by Mr. Lytle after the drawn battle of the 5th of August, 186*2, when the Federals had retreated from their outer camps and 
had concentrated on the Arsenal grounds between the cemetery and the river bank, at the northwestern end of the town. In order that 
the houses should not afford protection to any attacking party, those in the immediate vicinity (on the southeastern flank of the fortified 
Arsenal) were set on fhe and razed to the ground. In this picture the heavy stockade that surrounded the garrison is plainly 
visible, as is also the roof of one of the barracks. Nevertheless, although the Federal troops were never attacked in their strong¬ 
hold, General Butler determined to concentrate his forces in New Orleans, and Baton Rouge was abandoned. 




































BEFORE THE SOI) IIID THEM 


The Gathered Confederate Dead Before Battery Robinett—taken the morning after their desperate attempt to carry the works 
by assault. No man can look at this awful picture and wish to go to war. These men. a few hours before, were full of life and hope 
and courage. Without the two last qualities they would not be lying as they are pictured here. In the very foreground, on the 
left, lies their leader. Colonel Rogers, and almost resting on his shoulder is the body of the gallant Colonel Ross. We are looking 
from the bottom of the parapet of Battery Robinett. Let an eye-witness tell of what the men saw who looked toward the houses 
on that bright October day, and then glanced along their musket-barrels and pulled the triggers: “Suddenly we saw a magnificent 
brigade emerge in our front; they came forward in perfect order, a grand but terrible sight. At their head rode the commander, a 
man of fine physique, in the prime of life—quiet and cool as though on a drill. The artillery opened, the infantry followed; 
notwithstanding the slaughter they were closer and closer. Their commander [Colonel Rogers] seemed to bear a charmed life. 
He jumped his horse across the ditch in front of the guns, and then on foot came on. When he fell, the battle in our front 


was over. 






























































COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


WILDERNESS CHURCH—THE SCENE OF JACKSON’S SECOND RUSH 


The shots that riddled the roof of this humble meeting-house were fired on an evening of triumph and panic. Beyond the church, 
as the sun sank low on May 2d, stretched the main Union line, Howard’s Eleventh Corps. The troops had stacked their arms and lay 
at ease. Supper was cooking. Suddenly bugle-calls came from the west. Then a roar of human voices swept the forest. A double 
battle-line in gray burst from the woods, ran over the gunners, and shattered the divisions into fragments. Gallant Federal officers 
did their best to re-form their lines. With the little church at about the center, a stand was made by five thousand men of Schurz's 
division, with some of Devens’—but without respite Jackson gave the call to advance. After twenty minutes of furious fighting, 
the Confederate battle-flag flew in the clearing. It was then that the fugitives from the Eleventh Corps came in sight. 













COPYRIGHT, 1911 REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


TIIE WORK OF ONE SHELL 


Tart of the Havoc Wrought on Marye’s Heights by the Assault of Sedgwick on May 3, 1863. No sooner had 
they seized the stone wall than the victorious Federals swarmed up and over the ridge above, driving the Con¬ 
federates from the rifle-pits, capturing the guns oi the famous Washington Artillery whieh had so long guarded 
the Heights, and inflicting slaughter upon the assaulting columns. If Sedgwick had had cavalry he could ha\ e 
crushed the divided forces of Early and cleared the way for a rapid advance to attack Lee s real. In the 
picture we see Confederate caisson wagons and horses destroyed by a lucky shot from the Second Massa¬ 
chusetts' siege-gun battery planted across the river at Falmouth to support Sedgwick s assault. Suiw e\ mg 
the scene stands General Herman Haupt, Chief of the Bureau of Military Railways, the man leaning against 
the stump. By him is W. W. Wright, Superintendent of the Military Railroad. The photograph was taken 
May 3d, after the battle. The Federals held Marye’s Heights until driven off by fresh forces which Lee 


on 


had detached from his main army at Chancellorsville and sent against Sedgwdck on the afternoon of the 4th. 


























> 


































COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 

A START TOO LONG DELAYED 


Where the troops of General McClellan, waiting near the 
round-house at Alexandria, were hurried forward to the scene of 
action where Pope was struggling with Jackson and Ewell. Pope 
had counted upon the assistance of these 
reenforcements in making the forward 
movement by which he expected to hold 
Lee back. The old bogey of leaving the 
National Capital defenseless set up a vacil¬ 
lation in General Halleck’s mind and the 
troops were held overlong at Alexandria. 

Had they been promptly forwarded, 

“Stonewall'’ Jackson's blow at Manassas 
Junction could not have been struck. At 
the news of that disaster the troops were 
hurriedly despatched down the railroad 
toward Manassas. But Pope was already in 
retreat in three columns toward that point, 

McDowell had failed to intercept the Con¬ 
federate reenforcements coming through 
Thoroughfare Gap, and the situation had 
become critical. General Taylor, with his 
brigade of New Jersey troops, was the 
first of McClellan’s forces to be moved 
forward to the aid of Pope. At Union 


Mills, Colonel Scammon, commanding the First Brigade, driven 
back from Manassas Junction, was further pressed by the Confed¬ 
erates on the morning of August 27th. Later in the day General 
Taylor’s brigade arrived by the Fairfax 
road and, crossing the railroad bridge, met 
the Confederates drawn up and waiting 
near Manassas Station. A severe artillery 
fire greeted the Federals as they emerged 
from the woods. As General Taylor had 
no artillery, he was obliged either to 
retire or charge. He chose the latter. 
When the Confederate cavalry threatened 
to surround his small force, however, 
Taylor fell back in good order across the 
bridge, where two Ohio regiments assisted 
in holding the Confederates in check. At 
this point. General Taylor, who had been 
wounded in the retreat, was borne past 
in a litter. Though suffering much, 
he appealed to the officers to prevent 
another Bull Run. The brigade retired 
in good order to Fairfax Court House, 
where General Taylor died of his wounds 
a short time afterward. 


. p.- 1 .•• 


BRIGADIER-GENERAL 
GEORGE W. TAYLOR 


















COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO, 


THE MEDIATOR 

President Lincoln's Visit to the Camps at Antietam, October 8, 1862. Yearning for the speedy termination of the war, Lincoln came to 
view the Army of the Potomac, as he had done at Harrison’s Landing. Puzzled to understand how Lee could have circumvented a 
superior force on the Peninsula, he was now anxious to learn why a crushing blow had not been struck. Lincoln (after Gettysburg) 
expressed the same thought: “Our army held the war in the hollow of their hand and they would not close it!" On Lincoln’s right 
stands Allan Pinkerton, the famous detective and organizer of the Secret Service of the army. At the President s left is General 
John A. McClernand, soon to be entrusted by Lincoln with reorganizing military operations in the West. 








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COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


THE BUSY BASE OF THE ARMY OF 


THE POTOMAC 


Aquia Creek Landing, Virginia, February, 18(53. In the movements of Burnside and Hooker along the 
Rappahannock in the winter of 1862-3 this point became the base of supplies for the Army of the Potomac. 
Transports and supply-ships from Alexandria were bringing down troops, food, clothing, arms, ammuni¬ 
tion, and artillery, and unloading them at the pontoon piers, such as shown in this picture, whence they 
were forwarded along the line of the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad to general head¬ 
quarters at Falmouth Station. The position at Aquia Creek had been occupied alternately by the Federal 
and Confederate forces from the beginning of the war. Federal troops landed here in August, 1862, before 
the second battle of Bull Run. After Lee’s brilliant victory at Chancellorsville, which drove Hooker in 
defeat north of the Rappahannock, the great Confederate leader pressed boldly forward. The Federal base 
of supplies remained at Aquia Creek until Hooker’s army marched toward the upper Potomac in pursuit. 























. 
































’■> 








































































COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


MEN WHO CHARGED ON MARYE’S HEIGHTS 


Officers of the famous “Irish Brigade,” which lost more than II per cent, of its strength 
in the first assault at Marye’s Heights. The “Irish Brigade” (consisting of the Twenty- 
eighth Massachusetts, the Sixty-third, Sixty-ninth, and Eighty-eighth New York, and the 
One Hundred and Sixteenth Pennsylvania) was commanded by General Thomas F. Meagher 
and advanced in Hancock’s division to the first assault on December 13, 1862. At Antie- 
tam this brigade had spent its ammunition at the sunken road and then retired in splendid 
order. Again, in the charge at Marye’s, the lines of the Irish soldiers were “beautifully and 
rapidly formed,” and they moved steadily up the ridge until within a few yards of another 
and more deadly sunken road, the unexpected fire from which mowed them down. Of the 
1,315 men which Meagher led into battle, 545 fell in that charge. Hancock's entire command 
sustained that day a loss of 40.2 per cent., the second highest percentage of any division in any 
one engagement in the war. After the charge on Marye’s Heights it numbered only 2,800 
men. This group was photographed at Harrison’s Landing, on the James River, in July, 1862. 































; 











COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


THE FLAMING HEIGHTS 

This photograph from the Fredericksburg river-bank recalls a terrible scene. On those memorable days of December 11 and 12, 18G2, 
from these very trenches shown in the foreground, the ragged gray riflemen saw on that hillside across the river the blue of the uni¬ 
forms of the massed Federal troops. The lines of tents made great white spaces, but the ground could hardly be seen for the host 
of men who were waiting, alas! to die by thousands on this coveted shore. From these hills, too, burst an incessant flaming and roar¬ 
ing cannon fire. Siege-guns and field artillery poured shot and shell into the town of Fredericksburg. Every house became a target, 
though deserted except for a few hardy and venturesome riflemen. There was scarcely a dwelling that escaped. Ruined and battered 
and bloody, Fredericksburg three times was a Federal hospital, and its backyards became little cemeteries. 



A TARGET AT FREDERICKSBURG FOR THE FEDERAL GUNS 


COPYRIGHT, 1911, PATRIOT PUB. CO. 






























COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 

WHERE NEW ORLEANS WAS SAVED, JUNE 28, 1863 

Donaldson ville, Louisiana. Within 
the little Fort Butler (the lower pic¬ 
ture), Major J. D. Mullen, at half¬ 
past one in the morning of June 
28th, with 180 men of the Twenty- 
eighth Maine, gallantly withstood 
the assault of 14,000 Confederates 
sent against the place by General 
Taylor. By daylight the little 
garrison, assisted by three gun¬ 
boats in the river, completed the 
repulse. The Confederates retired, 
leaving behind them, according to 
Major Mullen's report, 69 dead 
and 120 prisoners. This prevented 
Taylor from capturing New Orleans 



before the capitulation of Port Hud¬ 
son would permit Banks to detach 
a sufficient force to drive off the 
Confederates, who were threaten¬ 
ing his communications down the 
river. New Orleans would un¬ 
doubtedly have been retaken had 
Taylor’s request for reenforce¬ 
ments not been overruled by 
Kirby Smith. As it was, Taylor 
recruited his own forces to about 
3,000 and moved against New Or¬ 
leans in two detachments, getting 
within twenty-five miles of New 
Orleans two weeks before Port 
Hudson surrendered. 





































COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


IN SOUTH CAROLINA 

With his foot on the cannon-ball sits Captain Michael J. Donohoe, commanding at the time-— 1802 —Com¬ 
pany C of the Third New Hampshire. On the left is Lieutenant Allen, and on the right Lieutenant Cody. 
At the battle of Secessionville, Captain Donohoe’s company was stationed on the left and received the first 
fire of the Confederate reenforcements. Both lieutenants were wounded. Thus in June, 1862, these gal¬ 
lant officers first came into notice, and Captain Donohoe rose rapidly to the rank of colonel, commanding 
the Tenth New Hampshire. At Fredericksburg, on December 17, 1862, the Tenth New r Hampshire 
(organized September, 1862) w r as underfire for the first time and acquitted itself creditably for raw troops. 
Colonel Donohoe and his regiment were transferred to the Army of the James, where his old regiment, the 
Third New Hampshire, was distinguishing itself. On September 29, 1864, Colonel Donohoe was wounded 
while leading his troops at Fort Harrison, near Richmond. His gallantry w r as mentioned by General Ord 
in despatches, and he was brevetted brigadier-general September 27, 1864. 








COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 

HOLDING THE WESTERN FRONTIER IN '63 


Two regiments of fighting men from the Northwest that partici¬ 
pated in the rough campaigning of the frontier across the Mis¬ 
sissippi in Arkansas in 1863. In the upper picture is the camp of 
the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Infantry at Little Rock, and in the 
lower view the Third Minnesota Infantry, Colonel C. C. Andrews 
commanding, is drawn up on dress parade in front of the State 
Capitol. Both organiza- 
tions fought in the expedi¬ 
tion which Major-General 
Frederick Steele organized 
at Helena, August 5, 1863, 
to break up the Confeder¬ 
ate army under Price in 
Arkansas. On the very day 
that Vicksburg surrendered, 

July 4th, the Confederate 
General T. II. Holmes ap¬ 
peared before Helena with 
a force of over eight thou¬ 
sand. He had telegraphed 
to his superior, E. K. Smith, 
on June 15th, “ I believe we 



can take Helena; please let me do it.” To which Smith had replied, 
“ Most certainly do it.” Holmes hoped to make a new Vicksburg 
to keep the Mississippi closed from the west bank. Helena was 
garrisoned by a force less than half as great as that which came 
against it. Among the defenders were the Twenty-eighth 
Wisconsin. On the morning of July 4, 1863, under command 

of Major-General B. M. 
Prentiss, these Federals 
repulsed two vigorous 
assaults, and Holmes, giv¬ 
ing up hope of success, re¬ 
turned to Little Rock. 
This aroused the Federals 
to the importance of hold¬ 
ing Arkansas, and General 
Frederick Steele collected 
about twelve thousand men 
at Helena early in August. 
The troops left Helena on 
August 10th, and pushed 
back the Confederates 
THE THIRD MINNESOTA under General Marmaduke. 























COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


v .r *** 


SUMTER 


Searching all history for a parallel, it is impossible to find any defenses of a beleaguered city that stood so 
severe a bombardment as did this bravely defended and never conquered fortress of Sumter, in Charleston 
Harbor. It is estimated that about eighty thousand projectiles were discharged from the fleet and the 
marsh batteries, and yet Charleston, with its battered water-front, was not abandoned until all other Con¬ 
federate positions along the Atlantic Coast were in Federal hands and Sherman’s triumphant army was 
sweeping in from the West and South. The picture shows Sumter from the Confederate Fort Johnson. 
The powerful batteries in the foreground played havoc with the Federal fleet whenever it came down the 
main ship-channel to engage the forts. Protected by almost impassable swamps, morasses, and a network 
of creeks to the eastward, Fort Johnson held an almost impregnable position; and from its protection by 
Cummings’ Point, on which was Battery Gregg, the Federal fleet could not approach nearer than two miles. 
Could it have been taken by land assault or reduced by gun-fire, Charleston would have fallen. 




































COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


A NEW ENGLAND REGIMENT IN THE SOUTH 

Company F, Third New Hampshire Volunteers. Organized in August, 1861, this regiment first saw active 
service in South Carolina. Accompanying the famous Port Royal Expedition, by which a Federal foot¬ 
hold was first gained in Southern territory, the regiment was stationed at Hilton Head, November 4,1861. 
While Port Royal was being elaborately equipped as a naval and military base, the troops were constantly 
cooperating with the gunboats in reconnaissances, the ultimate object being operations against Savannah 
and Charleston. At the beginning of 1862 Confederate troops were found to be massing for the purpose 
of shutting up the Federals on Port Royal Island, and General Stevens, determining to nip the attempt in 
the bud, began active operations which were pushed close to both Savannah and Charleston. The Federals 
succeeded in occupying the southwestern portion of James’ Island on the Stono River, after skirmishes at 
Pocotaglio, St. John’s Island, and James’ Island. On June 16th a battle took place at Secessionville, within 
five or six miles of Charleston, in which the Federals were defeated, and in this the Third New Hampshire, 
under command of Colonel John H. Jackson, established its reputation for gallantry, losing 104 men. 








The lower picture was taken 
after the war, when relic-hunt¬ 
ers had removed the shells, 
and a beacon light had been 
erected where once stood the 
parapet. On September 8, 
18G3, at the very position in 
these photographs, the garrison 
repelled a bold assault with 
musketry fire alone, causing 
the Federals severe loss. The 
flag of the Confederacy floated 
triumphantly over the position 
during the whole of the long 
struggle. Every effort of the 
Federals to reduce the crumb¬ 
ling ruins into submission was 
unavailing. It stood the con¬ 
tinual bombardment of iron¬ 
clads until it was nothing but 
a mass of brickdust, but still 
the gallant garrison held it. 



SCENE OF TIIE NIGHT ATTACK ON SUMTER, 
SEPTEMBER 8, 1863 


It is strange that despite the 
awful destruction the loss of 
lives within the fort was few. 
For weeks the bombardment, 
assisted by the guns of the 
fleet, tore great chasms in the 
parapet. Fort Sumter never 
fell, but was abandoned only 
on the approach of Sherman’s 
army. It had withstood con¬ 
tinuous efforts against it for 
587 days. From April, 1863. 
to September of the same year, 
the fortress was garrisoned by 
the First South Carolina Artil¬ 
lery, enlisted as regulars. After¬ 
ward the garrison was made up 
of detachments of infantry from 
Georgia, North Carolina, and 
South Carolina. Artillerists 
also served turns of duty dur¬ 
ing this period. 



COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 












COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


MISSOURI ARTILLERY 


IN SHERMAN’S RAID, FEBRUARY, 


1864 


Battery M, First Missouri Light Artillery, originally in Colonel Frank P. Blair’s infantry regiment, marched 
with Sherman from Vicksburg through Mississippi to Meridian during February, 1864. Sherman, with 
twenty thousand men and sixty pieces of artillery, was to break up all the railroad communications, so that 
small Federal garrisons would be able to hold important positions along the Mississippi. The advance 
corps under the intrepid McPherson left Vicksburg on February 3d and arrived at Meridian on the 8th. 
It was a precursor of the famous “March to the Sea,” but on a smaller scale. The troops destroyed what¬ 
ever would be of service to the Confederates, who fell back before Sherman, burning provisions and laying 
waste the country. At Meridian, the great railway center of the Southwest at the time, Sherman accom¬ 
plished “the most complete destruction of railroads ever beheld.” Meantime, General YV. S. Smith, with 
the Federal cavalry force from Memphis, was unable to reach Meridian. Escaping in the night from a 
dangerous predicament at Okolona on February 22d, he managed to return safely to Memphis by Feb¬ 
ruary 25th, after having destroyed a million bushels of corn and many miles of railroad. 



















COPYRIGHT, 19»1, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


THE MONTH BEFORE MINE RUN, OCTOBER, 1863 


Meade’s Headquarters at Culpeper, Virginia. In the vicinity of Culpeper Court House, ten miles from the banks of the Rappahannock 
and thirty miles northwest of Fredericksburg, the Army of the Potomac was encamped after Gettysburg. Meade had followed Lee 
southward throughout the summer in the hope of striking his army before it had recovered from the blow dealt it in Pennsylvania. But 
Lee, in great depression and wishing to retire, remained on the defensive; the departure of Longstreet for Chickamauga in September 
had made him still more wary. Meade's forces had been reduced also by the despatching of two corps, under Hooker, into Tennessee, 
so he in turn was urged to caution. The fall of 1863 was spent in skilful maneuvers with the flash of battle at Bristoe Station, October 
14th, where Warren worsted A. P. Hill, and at Rappahannock Station on November 7th, where the Sixth Corps distinguished itself. 
At Mine Run, near the old Chancellorsville battle-ground, Lee was strongly entrenched and here the opposing forces came near a general 
engagement on November 30th, but the moment passed and both sides went into winter quarters. By March, 1864, all was activity 
at Culpeper; the army awaited its new commander, Grant, who was to lead it again toward Chancellorsville and The Wilderness. 




















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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

MISSISSIPPI’S FIGHTING REGIMENT 

In this long-lost Confederate photograph we see vividly the simple accoutrements which characterized 
many of the Southern regiments during the war. These men of Company B of the Ninth Mississippi 
•enlisted as the Home Guards of Marshall County, and were mustered into the State service at Holly Springs, 
February 16, 1861. Their checked trousers and workday shirts are typical of the simple equipment each 
man furnished for himself. The boots worn by Colonel Barry, at the right, were good enough for the 
average Confederate soldier to go through fire to obtain later on in the war. Lacking in the regalia of war¬ 
fare, the Ninth Mississippi made a glorious record for itself in Chalmers’ Brigade at Shiloh, where it 
lost its gallant Colonel, William A. Rankin. “Never,” said General Bragg, “were troops and commander 
more worthy of each other and their State.” 









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THE LAST TO LAY DOWN ARMS 

Recovered from oblivion only after a long and patient search, this is believed to be the last Confederate 
war photograph taken. On May 26, 1865, General E. Kirby Smith surrendered the troops in the Trans- 
Mississippi Department. Paroled by that capitulation these officers gathered in Shreveport, Louisiana, early 
in June to commemorate by means of the camera their long connection with the war. The oldest of them 
was but 40. The clothes in which they fought were worn to tatters, but each has donned the dress coat 
of an unused uniform carefully saved in some chest in the belief that it was to identify him with a victorious 
cause and not as here with a lost one. The names of those standing, from right to left, are: David French 
Boyd, Major of Engineers; D. C. Proctor, First Louisiana Engineers; unidentified; and William Freret. The 
names of those seated are: Richard M. Venable; H. T. Douglas, Colonel of Engineers; and Octave Hopkins, 
First Louisiana Engineers. 










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In these two pictures appear the two capitals that were mistakenly made the goals of the military operations on both sides. The 
Confederates threatened Washington at the outset of the war, and realizing the effectiveness of such a move in giving moral rather 
than military support to their cause, similar movements were repeated throughout the war. hor a like reason On to Richmond 
was the cry at the North until Grant took command and made the army of Lee and its ultimate reduction to an ineffective state his 
controlling purpose. With the investment of Petersburg by the Federals, Lee’s proper military move would have been the aban¬ 
donment of Richmond and the opposing of Grant along other lines. 






































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WORK OF THE ENGINEERS AND THE CAVALRY 

The great Civil War first introduced the railroad as a strategic factor in military operations. In the upper picture we see the 
Federal engineers at Vibbard Draw on Long Bridge at Washington busily at work rehabilitating a locomotive for use along the railroad 
connections of the capital with its army. Extemporized wooden structures of that time seem paltry in comparison with the great 
steel cranes and derricks which our modern wrecking trains have made familiar. The railroads in control of the North were much 
better equipped and guarded than those of the South, yet the bold Confederate Cavalry, under such leaders as Stuart, were ever ready 
for raids to cut communications. How thoroughly they did their work whenever they got the chance, the lower picture tells. 



AFTER A RAID ON THE ORANGE AND ALEXANDRIA RAILROAD 












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YOUNG SOUTHERNERS AT RICHMOND MAKING LIGHT OF WAR 

Skylarking before the lens of the Confederate photographer, we see the Boys in Gray just before Bull Run had taught them the meaning 
of a battle and elated them with the conviction of their own prowess. The young and confident troops on both sides approached this 
first severe lesson of the war in the same jocular spirit. There is not a serious face in the picture. The man flourishing the sword 
bayonet and the one with the drawn dagger are marking with mock heroics their bravado toward the coming struggle, while the one 
with the musket stands debonair as a comic-opera soldier. The pipe-clay cross belt and breast plate, the cock plumes in the “shapo” 
of the officer, indicate that the group is of a uniformed military organization already in existence at the beginning of the war. There 
was no such paraphernalia in the outfit of Southern troops organized later, when simplicity was the order of the day in camp. 











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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

PRELUDE TO THE COMBAT—BLACKBURN’S FORD 

This crossing of Bull Run, was on July 18, 1861, the scene of a lively prelude to the first great combat. General Daniel Tyler, com¬ 
manding a division of McDowell s army, pushed a reconnaissance to the north bank of the stream near this Ford. Confederates posted on 
the opposite bank fired upon Tyler's advance line, driving it back in disorder. Tyler then withdrew “satisfied that the enemy was in 
force ” at this point. This picture was taken the next year, while Rickett’s division of the McDowell Corps was encamped at Manassas. 



• Copyright by Patriot Pub. Co. 

A THREE MONTHS’ REGIMENT—THE THIRD CONNECTICUT 


The Third Connecticut was present on the field of Bull Run. The men had enlisted in April, 1861. and their time was all but up in 
July, for they were three months’ men. Their drilling had taken place for a short time in their home State and afterward in the 
camps around Washington. They were mostly artisans and farmer boys with a sprinkling of mill hands and men of business from 
the larger towns. The regiment was attached to Tyler's division, of McDowell’s army, and suffered little in the battle. The total 
losses, including deaths from sickness, in this regiment, which was mustered out at the end of its service, amounted to five all told. 
It goes without saying, however, that many re-enlisted and again went to the front, where they stayed until the conflict ended. 













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THE BUSY LEVEE, CAIRO, ILLINOIS 

In September, 1861, with the military operations in the West, Cairo awoke from her inactivity and became an important army 
post. Looking across toward the Kentucky shore, we see the steamboats tied up to the wharves discharging their cargoes of supplies, 
while the cars of the Illinois Central, Chicago & Cairo Railroad are engaged in transferring troops and munitions of war to make 
possible the advance of Grant’s army. Far up the levee are the headquarters of General Grant in the Springfield Block. Prepara¬ 
tions were well advanced for pushing the Federal lines southward. 




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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


WHERE A SAILOR TOOK A PULPIT 


The peaceful Sunday in Cairo, Illinois, upon which Flag Officer Foote returned from the capture of Fort Henry. Being a deeply relig¬ 
ious man, the Admiral with his crews marched to the Presbyterian church to attend service. The steeple is just visible at the right of 
the picture. The minister, taken suddenly ill, did not arrive, and the Admiral conducted the services himself. If a sailor on horse¬ 
back is an incongruity, one in the pulpit did not prove to be so on this occasion. Foote ^preached an impressive impromptu sermon 
from John xiv, 1: “Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me. 
















BRAVE SOUTHERNERS AT SHILOH 


In the Southern record of the battle of Shiloh, the name of the Washington Artillery, of New Orleans, stands out in red letters. It 
was composed of the best blood of the city, the dandies of their day. Here we see the officers of the Fifth Company, in the first year 
of the war while uniforms were bright, sword-belts pipe-clayed, and buttons glistening. Under the command of Captain Irving B. 
Hodgson, this company made its name from the very first. 



SauvAWv 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co, 


SOUTHERN BOYS IN BATTLE 




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Here we see plainly shown the extreme youth of some of the enlisted men of the Washington Artillery of New Orleans. Not one of 
the lads here pictured is within a year of his majority. We hardly realize how young the fighters on both sides were; only their faces 
and the records can show it. At Shiloh, with Anderson’s brigade of brave fighters, these young cannoneers answered to the call. 
Anderson was first in the second line of battle at the beginning. Before the action was twenty minutes old he was at the front; and 
with the advance, galloping over the rough ground, came the Washington Artillery. 









THE FIRST CLASH WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI 

Near here the citizens of St. Louis saw the first blood spilled in Missouri at the outbreak of the War. By 
order of Governor Jackson, a camp had been formed in the western suburbs of the city for drilling the militia. 
It was named in honor of the Governor, and was in command of General D. M. Frost. Captain Nathaniel 
Lyon was in command of the United States troops at the Arsenal in St. Louis. Lyon, on May 10th, marched 
nearly five thousand strong, toward Camp Jackson, surrounded it, planted batteries on all the heights over¬ 
looking it, and set guards with fixed bayonets and muskets at half cock. Meanwhile the inhabitants of 
St. Louis had gathered in great crowds in the vicinity, hurrying thither in carriages, baggage-wagons, on 
horses and afoot. Many of the men had seized their rifles and shotguns and had come too late to the as¬ 
sistance of the State troops. Greatly outnumbered by Lyon, General Frost surrendered his command, 689 
in all. The prisoners, surrounded by a line of United States soldiers, at half-past five in the afternoon 











Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


CAMP JACKSON, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, MAY, 1861 


were marched out of camp, on the road leading to St. Louis, and halted. After a short wait the ominous 
silence was suddenly broken by shots from the head of the column. Some of Lyon’s soldiers had been 
pressed and struck by the crowd, and had discharged their pieces. No one was injured. Tranquillity was 
apparently restored when volley after volley broke out from the rear ranks, and men, women, and children 
were seen running frantically from the scene. It was said that Lyon’s troops were attacked with stones 
and that two shots were fired at them before they replied. Twenty-eight citizens—chiefly bystanders 
including women and children—were killed. As Lyon, with his prisoners, marched through the city to 
the Arsenal, excitement ran high in St. Louis. A clash occurred next day between troops and citizens 
and it was many weeks before the uproar over Lyon's seizure quieted down. Meanwhile Camp Jackson 
became a drill-ground for Federal troops, as we see it in the picture. 














The army engineers laughed at this wide- 
browed, unassuming man when he sug¬ 
gested building a dam so as to release 
Admiral Porter's fleet imprisoned by low 
water above the Falls at Alexandria at the 
close of the futile Red River expedition in 
1864. Bailey had been a lumberman in 
\\ isconsin and had there gained the prac¬ 
tical experience which taught him that the 
plan was feasible. He was Acting Chief 
Engineer of the Nineteenth Army Corps at 
this time, and obtained permission to go 
ahead and build his dam. In the under¬ 
taking he had the approval and earnest 
support of Admiral Porter, who refused to 
consider for a moment the abandonment 
of any of his vessels even though the Red 
River expedition had been ordered to re¬ 
turn and General Banks was chafing at de¬ 
lay and sending messages to Porter that his 
troops must be got in motion at once. 



COLONEL JOSEPH BAILEY IN 1864 


Bailey pushed on with his work and in 
eleven days he succeeded in so raising the 
water in the channel that all the Federal 
vessels were able to pass down below the 
Falls. “Words are inadequate,” said Ad¬ 
miral Porter, in his report, “to express the 
admiration I feel for the ability of Lieut. 
Colonel Bailey. This is without doubt the 
best engineering feat ever performed. . . . 
The highest honors the Government can 
bestow on Colonel Bailey can never repay 
him for the service he has rendered the 
country.” For this achievement Bailey 
was promoted to colonel, brevetted briga¬ 
dier general, voted the thanks of Congress, 
and presented with a sword and a purse of 
$3,000 by the officers of Porter’s fleet. He 
settled in Missouri after the war and was a 
formidable enemy of the “Bushwhackers” 
till he was shot by them on March 21, 1867. 
He was born at Salem, Ohio, April 28,1827. 


THE MAN WHO SAVED THE FLEET 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

READY FOR HER BAPTISM 


This powerful gunboat, the Lafayette, though accompanying Admiral Porter on the Red River expedition, was not one of those en¬ 
trapped at Alexandria. Her heavy draft precluded her being taken above the Falls. Here we see her lying above Vicksburg in the 
spring of 1863. She and her sister ship, the Choctaw, were side-wheel steamers altered into casemate ironclads with rams. The 
Lafayette had the stronger armament, carrying two 11-inch Dahlgrens forward, four 9-inch guns in the broadside, and two 24- 
pound howitzers, with two 100-pound Parrott guns astern. She and the Choctaiv were the most important acquisitions to Porter’s 
fleet toward the end of 1862. The Lafayette was built and armed for heavy fighting. She got her first taste of it on the night of 
April 16, 1863, when Porter took part of his fleet past the Vicksburg batteries to support Grant’s crossing of the river in an 
advance on Vicksburg from below. The Lafayette, with a barge and a transport lashed to her, held her course with difficulty 
through the tornado of shot and shell which poured from the Confederate batteries on the river front in Vicksburg as soon as the 
movement was discovered. The Lafayette stood up to this fiery christening and successfully ran the gantlet, as did all the other 
vessels save one transport. She was commanded during the Red River expedition by Lieutenant-Commander J. P. Foster. 














Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

THE FATEFUL FIELD 

No picture has ever been painted to equal this panorama of the very center of the 
ground over which surged the struggling troops ’mid shot and shell during the thickest 
of the fighting at Gettysburg. The camera was planted on Little Round Top, and 
through its eye we look northward over the valley toward and beyond the little town of 
Gettysburg. Across the plain in the middle distance, over the Federal breastworks 
near the crest, and up to the very muzzles of the guns on Cemetery Ridge 
which were belching forth grape and canister, swept the men in gray under General 
Pickett in the last brave but unsuccessful assault that left Meade in possession of the 
field on Independence Day, 1863. The daring gallantry, utter coolness, and grim de¬ 
termination with which that charge was made have rarely been paralleled in history. 
The spirit of complete devotion to the conviction which prompted Pickett and his men 
is one of the most precious heritages of a united nation. 







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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


AMENITIES OF THE CAMP IN 1861 


This photograph, taken at Brandy Station, Virginia, is an excellent example of the skill of the war photographers. When we remember 
that orthochromatic plates were undreamed of in the days of the Civil TVar, the color values of this picture are marvelous. The collodion 
wet-plate has caught the sheen and texture of the silk dresses worn by the officers’ wives, whom we see on a visit to a permanent 
camp. The entrance to the tent is a fine example of the rustic work with which the Engineer Corps of the various armies amused 
themselves during periods which would otherwise be spent in tedious inactivity. The officers quarters recei\ed first attention. 1 bus 
an atmosphere of indescribable charm was thrown about the permanent camps to which the wives of the officers came in theii brief 
visits to the front, and from which they reluctantly returned without seeing anything of the gruesome side of war. A review or a 
parade was usually held for their entertainment. In the weary waiting before Petersburg during the siege, the successful consumma¬ 
tion of which practically closed the war, the New York engineers, while not engaged in strengthening the federal fortifications, amused 
themselves by constructing a number of rustic buildings of great beauty. One of these was the signal tower toward the h ft of the 
Federal line of investment. Near it a substantial and artistic hospital building was erected, and, to take the place of a demolished 
church, a new and better rustic structure sprang into being. 









The indomitable war photographer 
in the very costume which made 
him a familiar figure at the first 
battle of Bull Run, from which 
he returned precipitately to New 
York after his initial attempt to 
put into practice his scheme for 
picturing the war. Brady was a 
Cork Irishman by birth and pos¬ 
sessed of all the active tempera¬ 
ment w hich such an origin implies. 
At Bull Run he was in the thick 
of things. Later in the day, 
Brady himself was compelled 
to flee, and at nightfall of that 
fatal Sunday, alone and unarmed, 
he lost his way in the woods near 
the stream from which the battle 
takes its name. Here he was 
found by some of the famous com¬ 
pany of New r Y 7 ork Fire Depart¬ 
ment Zouaves, who gave him a 
sword for his defense. Buckling it 
on beneath his linen duster, Brady 
made his way to Washington and 
thence to New York. In the pic¬ 
ture we see him still proudly wear¬ 
ing the weapon which he was pre¬ 
pared to use for the protection of 
himself and his precious negatives. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

BRADY, AFTER BULL RUN 


Below is the gallery of A. D. 
Lytle—a Confederate photogra¬ 
pher—as it stood on Main Street, 
Baton Rouge, in 18(54, w hen in the 
employ of the Confederate Secret 
Service Lytle trained his camera 
upon the Federal army which occu¬ 
pied Baton Rouge. It w as indeed 
dangerous work, as discovery of his 
purpose would have visited upon 
the photographer the fate of a spy. 
Lytle would steal secretly up 
the Observation Tower, which had 
been built on the ruins of the Capi¬ 
tol, and often exposed to rifle shots 
from the Federals, would with flag 
or lantern signal to the Confederates 
at Scott’s Bluff, w r hence the new r s 
was relayed to New Orleans, and 
provision made for smuggling the 
precious prints through the lines. 
Like Brady, Lytle obtained his 
photographic supplies from An¬ 
thony & Company of New York; 
but unlike Cook of Charleston, he 
did not have to depend upon con¬ 
traband traffic to secure them, but 
got them passed on the “orders to 
trade” issued quite freely in the 
West by the Federal Government. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

THE GALLERY OF A CONFEDERATE SECRET-SERVICE PHOTOGRAPHER, 

BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA, 1864 

























































• 


















































































































* 

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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


A HORSE AND RIDER THAT WILL LIVE 


Here is an extraordinary photograph of a spirited charger taken half a century ago. This noble beast is 
the mount of Lieut.-Col. C. B. Norton, and was photographed at General Fitz John Porter’s headquarters. 
The rider is Colonel Norton himself. Such clear definition of every feature of man and horse might well be 
the envy of modern photography, which does not achieve such depth without fast lenses, focal-plane 
shutters, and instantaneous dry plates, which can be developed at leisure. Here the old-time wet-plate 
process has preserved every detail. To secure results like this it was necessary to sensitize the plate just 
before exposing it, uncap the lens by hand, and develop the negative within five minutes after the exposure. 
























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THE FLANKING GUN 


This remarkably spirited photograph of Battery D, Second U. S. 
Artillery, was, according to the photographer’s account, taken 
just as the battery was loading to engage with the Confederates. 
The order, “cannoneers to your posts,” had just been given, 
and the men, running up, called to the photographer to hurry 


his wagon out of the way unless he wished to gain a place for his 
name in the list of casualties In June, 1863, the Sixth Corps had 
made its third successful crossing of the Rappahannock, as the 
advance of Hooker's movement against Lee. Batterv D at 
once took position with other artillery out in the fields near the 



GETTING THE RANGE 


This is another photograph taken under fire and shows us Battery 
B, First Pennsylvania Light Artillery, in action before Petersburg, 
1864. Brady, the veteran photographer, obtained permis¬ 
sion to take a picture of “Cooper’s Battery,” in position for 
battle. The first attempt provoked the fire of the Confederates, 


who supposed that the running forward of the artillerists was 
with hostile intent. The Confederate guns frightened Brady s 
horse which ran off with his wagon and his assistant, upsetting 
and destroying his chemicals. In the picture to the left. Captain 
James H. Cooper himself is seen leaning on a sword at the 

















“CANNONEERS TO YOUR POSTS” 


ruins of the MansSeld house. In the rear of the battery the 
veteran Vermont brigade was acting as support. To their rear 
was the bank of the river skirted by trees. The grove of white 
poplars to the right surrounded the Mansfield house. With 
characteristic coolness, some of the troops had already pitched 


their dog tents. Better protection was soon afforded by the strong 
line of earthworks which was thrown up and occupied by the 
Sixth Corps. Battery D was present at the first battle of Bull Run, 
where the Confederates there engaged got a taste of its metal on 
the Federal left 



Copyright by Review o] Reviews Co. 


READY TO OPEN FIRE 








extreme right. Lieutenant Miller is the second figure from the 
left. Lieutenant Alcorn is next, to the left from Captain Cooper. 
Lieutenant James A. Gardner, just behind the prominent figure 
with the haversack in the right section of the picture, identified 
these members almost forty-seven years after the picture was 


taken. This Pennsylvania battery suffered greater loss than any 
other volunteer Union battery; its record of casualties includes 
twenty-one killed and died of wounds, and fifty-two wounded— 
convincing testimony of the fact that throughout the war its men 
stood bravely to their guns. 




















Copyright by Review of Reviews 


TIIE USELESS CANAL 


Here for a moment the Engineering corps of General Benjamin F. Butler’s army paused while the camera of the army photographer 
was focussed upon it. In August, 1864, Butler, with his army then bottled up in Bermuda Hundred, began to dig a canal at 
Dutch Gap to save a circuit of six miles in the bend of the James River and thus avoid the batteries, torpedoes, and obstructions 
which the Confederates had placed to prevent the passage of the Federal fleet up the river toward Richmond. The difficulties of 
this engineering feat are here seen plainly in the photograph. It took Butler's men all the rest of the year (1864) to cut through this 
canal, exposed as they were to the fire of the Confederate batteries above. One of the last acts of General Butler was an unsuccess¬ 
ful effort to blow up the dam at the mouth of this canal, and by thus admitting water to it, render it navigable. 







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WAITING FOR THE SMELL OF POWDER 

Some very youthful Louisiana soldiers waiting for their first taste of battle, two weeks before Shiloh. These are members of the 
Washington Artillery of New Orleans. We see them at Camp Louisiana proudly wearing their new boots and their uniforms as yet 
unfaded by the sun. Louisiana gave liberally of her sons, who distinguished themselves in the fighting throughout the West. The 
Fifth Company of the \\ ashington Artillery took part in the Battle of Shiloh, where Grant narrowly escaped as crushing defeat at the 
hands of A. S. Johnston and Beauregard as was administered to the Federals at Bull Run. The Confederates defeated Sherman’s 
troops in the early morning, and by night were in possession of all the Federal camps save one. The Washington Artillery served their 
guns handsomely and helped materially in forcing the Federals back to the bank of the river. The timely arrival of Buell’s army 
the next day at Pittsburg Landing enabled Grant to recover from the reverses suffered Sunday, April 6, 1862. 



ALAB VMA MEN IN GRAY Copyright by Review, of Reviews Co. 


Brave sons of Alabama who flocked to the Confederate military camps in 1861 in response to the call of Davis. They are wearing the 
gray uniform of the Confederacy, and waiting impatiently to be sent against the superior numbers of the North. Alabama sent regi¬ 
ment after regiment into the field. As early as October 7, 1861, the State had furnished 23 regiments, 2 battalions, 10 detached 
companies of horse and as many of foot; and 5 other regiments were forming. The banners of the Alabamians floated over every 
battlefield from Manassas to Appomattox, and during the mighty conflict 122,000 men from the State entered the Confederate armies. 










Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


SUMTER BECOMES A FEDERAL TARGET 

The eastern barracks inside Fort Sumter during the Bombardment of Sept. 8,180.3.—The guns of the Federal 
blockading fleet had now been pounding the fort for many weeks. This but recently re-discovered picture 
is the work of G. S. Cook, the Charleston photographer. The view is to the right of the exploding shell 
in the picture on page 90. The flag and guns shown in the earlier picture have been swept away. The 
upper casemate to the left has been demolished. The lower ones remained intact, however, and continued 
to be used and even armed to the end of the Confederate’s defense. The guns here bore on the channel 
nearly opposite Fort Moultrie. The bake oven of the barracks—on the chimney of which are a couple of 
Confederate soldiers—was frequently used for heating solid shot. In one of the lower rooms of the bar¬ 
racks, seen to the right, the ruins later fell upon a detachment of sleeping soldiers. 

















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THE PRISONERS Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


Inside Castle Pinckney, Charleston Harbor, August, 1861.—In 
these hitherto unpublished Confederate photographs we see one of 
the earliest volunteer military organizations of South Carolina and 
some of the first Federal prisoners taken in the war. The 
Charleston Zouave Cadets were 
organized in the summer of 
1860, and were recruited from 
among the patriotic young men 
of Charleston. We see in the 
picture how very young they 
were. The company first went 
into active service on Morris 
Island, January 1, 1861, and 
was there on the 9th when the 
guns of the battery turned 
back the Star of the West ar¬ 
riving with reinforcements for 
Sumter. The company was also 
stationed on Sullivan’s Island 
during the bombardment of 
Sumter, April 12-13, 1861. Af¬ 
ter the first fateful clash at Bull 
Run, July 21, 1861, had taught 
the North that the war was on 
in earnest, a number of Federal 
prisoners were brought to 
Charleston and placed for safe¬ 
keeping in Castle Pinckney, then garrisoned by the Charleston 
Zouave Cadets. To break the monotony of guard duty 
Captain Chichester, some time in August, engaged a photog¬ 
rapher to take some pictures about the fort showing his 
men. Gray uniforms with red stripes, red fatigue caps, and 
white cross belts were a novelty. The casemates of the fort 
had been fitted up with bunks and doors as sleeping quarters 


for the prisoners. Casemate No. 1 was occupied by prisoners 
from the 11th New York Zouaves, who had been recruited almost 
entirely from the New York Fire Department. The smaller 
picture is a nearer view of their quarters, over which they have 

placed the sign “ Hotel de 
Zouave.” We see them still 
wearing the uniform of the bat¬ 
tlefield: wide dark-blue trousers 
with socks covering the bot¬ 
toms, red flannel shirts with the 
silver badge of the New York 
Fire Department, blue jackets 
elaborately trimmed with braid, 
red fez caps with blue tassels, 
and a blue sash around the 
waist. Their regiment, the fa¬ 
mous “ Ellsworth's Zouaves,” 
was posted at Bull Run as a 
support for Pickett's and Griffin’s 
Batteries during the fierce 
fighting of the afternoon on the 
Henry House hill. They gave 
way before the charge of the 
Confederates, leaving 48 dead 
and 7.5 wounded on the field. 
About 6.5 of them were taken 
prisoners, some of whom we see 
here a month after the battle. The following October the 
prisoners were exchanged. At the beginning of the war the 
possession of prisoners did not mean as much to the South as 
it did later in the struggle, when exchanges became almost 
the last resource for recruiting the dwindling ranks. Almost 
every Southerner capable of bearing arms had already joined 
the colors. 



THE PRISONERS— 11th NEW YORK ZOUAVES 


















MILITARY COMMERCE 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


This view of the magazine wharf at City Point in 1864 reveals the immensity of the transportation problem that was solved by the 
North in support of its armies in the field. The Federal army in Virginia, unlike the armies of Napoleon, did not forage off the ter¬ 
ritory which it occupied. Rail and water transportation made possible the bringing of supplies long distances. Whatever point was 
chosen for the army base quickly became a bustling center, rivaling the activity of any great commercial city, and giving employment 
to thousands of men whose business it was to unload and forward the arriving stores and ammunition to the army in the field near by. 



CITY POINT, VIRGINIA, JULY, 1864 Copyright by Patriot Pub. Co. 

When Grant finally settled down to the siege of Petersburg, and City Point became the army base, the little village was turned tem¬ 
porarily into a great town. Winter quarters were built in the form of comfortable cabins for the reserve troops and the garrison, 
and ample hospital buildings were provided. The railroad to Petersburg was controlled and operated by the army for the forwarding 
of troops and stores. The supply base longest occupied by the Army of the Potomac, ( ity Point, grew up almost in a night. With 
the coming of peace the importance of the post vanished, and with it soon after the evidences of its aggrandizement. 




















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EVE OF THE CONFLICT 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


Stone Church, Centreville, Virginia.—Past this little stone church on the night of July 20, 1861, and long into the morning of the twenty- 
first marched lines of hurrying troops. Their blue uniforms were new, their muskets bright and polished, and though some faces were 
pale their spirits were elated, for after their short training they were going to take part, for the first time, in the great game of war. It 
was the first move of the citizen soldier of the North toward actual conflict. Not one knew exactly what lay before him. The men 
were mostly from New England and the Middle States. They had left desk and shop and farm and forge, and with the thought in 
their minds that the war would last for three months the majority had been mustered in. Only the very wise and farseeing had prophe¬ 
sied the immensity of the struggle, and these were regarded as extremists. Their ideas were laughed at. So on they went in long lines 
down the road in the darkness of the night, chattering, laughing and talking carelessly, hardly realizing in the contagion of their patri¬ 
otic ardor the grim meaning of real war. The battle had been well planned, but who had had the experience, even among the leaders, 
to be sure of the details and the absolute carrying out of orders? With the exception of the veterans of the Mexican War, who were 
regulars, there was not one who had ever maneuvered a thousand men in the field. A lesson lay before them and it was soon to come. 
The surprising battle that opened early in the morning, and whose results spread such consternation through the North, was really 
the result of popular clamor. The press and the politicians demanded action, and throughout the South the same confident and reck¬ 
less spirit prevailed, the same urging to see something done. 
























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THE FIRST LIEUTENANT-GENERAL AFTER WASHINGTON 


Copyright by Review oj Reviews Co. 


Upon Winfield Scott, hero of the Mexican War, fell the responsibility of directing the Union armies at the outbreak of the Civil War. 
Sitting here with his staff in Washington, second in command only to President Lincoln, his fine countenance and bearing betoken 
the soldierly qualities which made him one of the first commanders of his age. In active service for half a century, he had never 
lost a battle. Horn in Petersburg. Virginia, in 178(5, and now in his seventy-fifth year, he tendered his resignation to Secretary Cam¬ 
eron on October .‘51, 1861, and with its acceptance the title of “Lieutenant-General,” revived in his honor, passed out of existence, 
to be revived again by Congress in 1864 for Grant. 





















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The Captured Commanders of Forts Ilenry 
and Donelson.—It requires as much moral 
courage to decide upon a surrender, even when 
odds are overwhelming, as it does physical 
bravery, in maintaining a useless fight to the 
death. Brigadier-General Tilghman, who com¬ 
manded the Confederate Fort Henry on the 
Tennessee and General Simon Bolivar Buckner 
in command of the Confederate Fort Donelson 
—a much stronger position on the Cumberland 
only a few miles away—were men who pos¬ 
sessed this kind of courage. Both had 
the misfortune to hold untenable positions. 
Each displayed generalship and sagacity and 
only gave up to the inevitable when holding 
out meant nothing but wasted slaughter and 
the sacrifice of men who had been called upon 
to exert every human effort. Fort Henry, on 
the banks of the Tennessee, was held by a few 
thousand men and strongly armed with 
twenty guns including one 10-incli Columbiad. 
But on the 6th of February it fairly lay in 
the possession of the Federals before a shot 
had actually been fired, for Grant with 17,000 
men had gained the rear of the fortification 
after his move from Cairo on the 30th of the 
previous month. The actual reduction of the 
fort was left to the gunboat flotilla under 
Flag Officer Foote, whose heavy bombard¬ 
ment began early in the morning. General 
Tilghman had seen from the first that the 
position could not be held. He was trapped 
on all sides, but he would not give way without 
a display of resistance. Before the firing be¬ 
gan, he had sent off most of the garrison and 
maintained the unequal combat with the gun¬ 
boats for an hour and a quarter with less than 
a hundred men, of whom he lost twenty-one. 
Well did tills handful serve 
the guns on the river bank. 

One shot struck the gun¬ 
boat Essex, piercing her 
boilers, and wounding and 
scalding twenty-eight men. 

But at last, enveloped on 
all sides, his retreat cut off 
—the troops who had been 
ordered to depart in the 
morning, some three 
thousand in number, had 
reached Fort Donelson, 
twelve milesaway—General 
Tilghman hauled down his 
flag, surrendering himself 
and eighty-four men as 
prisoners of war. Here ws 
see him—a brave figure of 
a man—clad in the uniform 
of a Southern Colonel. 

There was never the slight¬ 
est doubt of his courage or 
of his proper discretion in 
makingthis surrender. Only 
for a short time was he held 
a prisoner, when he was 
exchanged and welcomed 
back with all honor into 
the ranks of the Confeder¬ 
acy, and given an impor¬ 
tant command. He did not, 
however, live long to serve 
his cause, for shortly after 
rejoining the army he was 
killed at the battle of 
Baker’s Creek, Mississippi, 
on the 16th of May, 1863. 


It is not often that on the battlefield ties of 
friendship are cemented that last a lifetime, 
and especially is this so between conqueror and 
conquered. Fcrt Donelson, that was, in a 
measure, a repetition of Fort Henry, saw two 
fighting foes become thus united. It was im¬ 
possible for the garrison of Fort Donelson to 
make its escape after the flotilla of gunboats 
had once appeared in the river, although 
General Floyd, its senior commander, the 
former Secretary of War under President 
Buchanan, had withdrawn himself from the 
scene tendering the command to General 
Pillow, who in his turn, after escaping with 
his own brigade, left the desperate situation 
to be coped with by General Buckner. Assailed 
in the rear by an army that outnumbered the 
defenders of the fort by nearly eight thousand 
and with the formidable gunboats hammering 
his entrenchments from the river, Buckner 
decided to cut his way out in a desperate 
charge, but being repulsed, saw his men flung 
back once more into the fort. There was 
nothing for it but to make terms. On Febru¬ 
ary 16th, in a note to Grant he asked what 
might be granted him. Here, the coming 
leader won his nickname of “Unconditional 
Surrender" Grant. Buckner was informed 
that the Federal army was about to move 
upon his works. Hurt and smarting under 
his position, he sent back a reply that in a 
few short hours he would, perhaps, have been 
w illir.g to recall. Yielding to circumstances he 
accepted what he bluntly pronounced, “un¬ 
generous and unchivalrous terms.” But when 
the capitulation had taken 
place and nearly fifteen 
thousand men had surren¬ 
dered, a greater number 
than ever before laid down 
their arms upon the conti¬ 
nent, Grant was so generous, 
that then and there began 
the friendship that grew as 
close as if the two men were 
brothers of the blood. Most 
of the prisoners were pa¬ 
roled. Each one was al¬ 
lowed to retain his personal 
baggage, and the officers to 
keep their side arms. Grant 
had known Buckner in 
the Mexican War, and re¬ 
ceived him after the battle 
as his guest. For a short 
time General Buckner w 7 as 
kept a prisoner at Fort 
W arren until he was ex¬ 
changed. But the friend¬ 
ship between the two leaders 
continued. When General 
Grant, after having been 
twice President, failed in 
his business career, Buckner 
sent him a check, trusting 
that it might be of use in 
lis time of trouble. Grant, 
shortly before his death, 
w rote his old-time comrade 
and antagonist requesting 
that Buckner do him the 
final honors by becoming 
one of his pallbearers. 




: 


mm 


1 , 




*:■- * 




GENERAL LLOYD TILGHMAN. 


TWO UNWILLING GUESTS OF 
THE NORTH 


Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

BUCKNER, THE DEFENDER OF DONELSON 















A brilliant Southern leader, whose early 
loss was a hard blow to the Confederacy. 
Albert Sidney Johnston was a born fighter 
with a natural genius for war. A West 
Pointer of the Class of '26, he had led a 
strenuous and adventurous life. In the 
early Indian wars, in the border conflicts 
in Texas, and in the advance into Mexico, 
he had always proved his worth, his 
bravery and his knowledge as a soldier. 
At the outbreak of the Civil War he had 
already been brevetted Brigadier-General, 
and had been commander of the military 
district of Utah. An ardent Southerner, 
he made his choice, dictated by heart and 
conscience, and the Federal authorities 



GENERAL A. S. JOHNSTON, C. S. A. 


knew the loss they would sustain and the 
gain that would be given to the cause of 
the Confederacy. In ’61 he was as¬ 
signed to a district including Kentucky 
and Tennessee with the rank of General. 
At once he displayed his gifts as an or¬ 
ganizer, but Shiloh cut short a career that 
v ould have led him to a high place in fame 
and history. The early Confederate suc¬ 
cesses of the 6th of April were due to his 
leadership. His manner of death and 
his way of meeting it attested to his 
bravery. Struck by a minie ball, he kept 
in the saddle, falling exhausted and dying 
from the loss of blood. His death put the 
whole South into mourning. 



Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

CAMP OF THE NINTH MISSISSIPPI 
The story of this regiment is told on page 201. 


To no one who was close to him in the 
stirring scenes of the early conflict in the 
West did Grant pay higher tribute than to 
this veteran of the Mexican War who was 
his Chief of Staff. He was a man to be 
relied upon in counsel and in emergency, 
a fact that the coming leader recognized 
from the very outset. An artillery officer 
and engineer, his military training and 
practical experience made him a most 
valuable executive. He had also the gift 
of leading men and inspiring confidence. 
Always cool and collected in the face of 
danger, and gifted with a personality that 
won friends everywhere, the reports of all 
of his superiors show the trust and con¬ 
fidence that were reposed in him. In 



COLONEL J. D. WEBSTER 


April, 1861, he had taken charge of the 
fortifications at Cairo, Illinois. He was 
with Grant at Paducah, at Forts Henry 
and Donelson, and at Shiloh where he 
collected the artillery near the Landing 
that repelled the final Confederate attack 
on April 6th. He remained Chief of 
Staff until October, 1862. On October 
14th, he was made a Brigadier-General of 
Volunteers, and was appointed superin¬ 
tendent of military railroads in the De¬ 
partment of Tennessee. Later he was 
Chief of Staff to General Sherman, and 
again proved his worth when he was with 
General Thomas at Hood’s defeat before 
Nashville in December, 1864. On March 
13,1865, he received the brevet of Major- 
General of Volunteers. 










. 






















































. 




















































•• 


























































Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 

WHERE A BRAVE GENERAL FELL 

* At this spot Major-General John F. Reynolds met his death. During the first day’s fighting this peaceful 
cornfield was trampled by the advancing Confederates. The cupola of the seminary on the ridge held 
at nightfall by Lee’s forces is visible in the distance. The town of Gettysburg lies one mile beyond. Gen¬ 
eral Reynolds’ troops, advancing early in the day, had encountered the Confederates and had been compelled 
to fall back. Later, the Federal line by hard fighting had gained considerable advantage on the right. Impa¬ 
tient to retrieve the earlier retrograde movement at this point, General Reynolds again advanced his com¬ 
mand, shoving back the enemy before it, and his line of skirmishers was thrown out to the cornfield in 
the picture. Riding out to it to reconnoiter, General Reynolds fell, pierced by a Confederate bullet, near the 
tree at the edge of the road. 












Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


LITTLE ROUND TOP—THE KEY TO GETTYSBURG. 


A “slaughter pen” at Gettysburg. On this rocky slope of Little Round Top, Longstreet’s men fought 
with the Federals in the second day’s conflict, July 2, 1863. From boulder to boulder they wormed their 
way, to find behind each a soldier waiting for the hand-to-hand struggle which meant the death of one 
or the other. After the battle each rock and tree overshadowed a victim. The whole tangled and terrible 
field presented a far more appalling appearance than does the picture, which was taken after the wounded 
were removed. Little Round Top had been left unprotected by the advance of General Sickles’ Third Corps. 
This break in the Federal line was discovered by General Warren just in time. Hastily procuring a flag, 
with but two or three other officers to help him he planted it on the hill, which led the Confederates to 
believe the position strongly occupied and delayed Longstreet’s advance long enough for troops to be 
rushed forward to meet it. The picture tells all too plainly at what sacrifice the height was finally held. 








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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co, 


A SNAPSHOT IN THE WAR REGION 


Another remarkable example of the results achieved by the old collodion process photographers quite 
indistinguishable from the instantaneous photographs of the present day. Although taken under the 
necessity of removing and replacing the lens,cap, this negative has successfully caught the waterfall and 
the Federal cavalryman’s horse which has been ridden to the stream for a drink. The picture was taken 
at Hazel Run, Virginia, above the pontoon bridge constructed for the crossing of the Federal troops. During 
the advances and retreats, while the Federal armies were maneuvering for position, the photographers 
were frequently at a loss for material. At such times, true to the professional instinct, they kept in prac¬ 
tice by making such views as this. Less important from the strictly military viewpoint, these splendid 
specimens of landscape photography give us a clear conception of the character of the country over which 
the Federal and Confederate armies passed and repassed during the stirring period of the war. 
















THE PHOTOGRAPHER WITH THE ARMY 


Copyright by Review of Reviews to. 


Here are two excellent views in which we see the conditions under 
which the army photographer worked in the field. The larger 
picture is of Barnard, the Government photographer under 
Captain O. M. Poe, Chief Engineer of the Military Division of the 
Mississippi. Barnard was engaged to take photographs of the 
new Federal fortifications being constructed under Captain Poe’s 
direction at Atlanta, September-October, 1864. Captain Poe 
found the old Confederate line of defense of too great extent to 
be held by such a force as Sherman intended to leave as garrison 
of the town. Consequently, he selected a new line of much 
shorter development which passed through the northern part of 
the town, making necessary the destruction of many buildings in 
that quarter. Barnard is 
here at work sensitizing 
his plates in a light-proof 
tent, makinghis exposures, 
and developing immedi¬ 
ately within the tent. His 
chemicals and general 
supplies were carried in 
the wagon showing to the 
right. Thus, as the pioneer 
corps worked on the forti¬ 
fications, the entire series 
of photographs showing 
their progress was made 
to be forwarded later to 
Washington by Captain 


Poe, with his official report. In the background we see the 
battle-field where began the engagement of July 22, 1864, known 
as the battle of Atlanta, in which General McPherson lost his 
life. Thus Brady and all the war photographers worked 
right up to the trenches, lugging their cumbersome tents and 
apparatus, often running out of supplies or carrying hundreds 
of glass plates over rough roads or exposed to possible shells. 
To the many chances of failure was added that of being at 
any time picked off by some sharpshooter. In the smaller 
picture appears a duplicate of Brady’s “ What-Is-It,” being 
the dark-room buggy of Photographer Wearn. In the back¬ 
ground are the ruins of the State Armory at Columbia, South 

Carolina. This was 
burned as Sherman’s 
troops passed through 
the city on their famous 
march through the Caro- 
linas, February, 1865. 
The photographer, bring¬ 
ing up the rear, has pre¬ 
served the result of 
Sherman’s work, which 
is typical of that done 
by him all along the line 
of march to render use¬ 
less to the Confederate ar¬ 
mies in the field, the mili¬ 
tary resources of the South. 















Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


A WASHINGTON BELLE IN CAMP 


From Bull Run to Gettysburg the Federal capital was repeatedly threatened by the advances of the 
Confederates, and strong camps for the defense of Washington were maintained throughout the war. It 
was the smart thing for the ladies of the capital to invade these outlying camps, and they were always 
welcomed by the officers weary of continuous guard-duty. Here the camera has caught the willing subject 
in handsome Kate Chase Sprague, who became a belle of official society in Washington during the war. She 
was the daughter of Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Treasury. At this time she was the wife 
of Governor William Sprague, of Rhode Island, and was being entertained in camp by General J. J. 
Abercrombie, an officer of the regular army, well known in the capital. 






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great iron buoys in the channel, hut the smoke from their heavy guns is drifting over the factory method for reproducing photographs direct during the generation succeeding the 

water, and the flames can almost be seen leaping from the turret ports. Although Fort war. Before photo-engraving became perfected, thirty years or more had passed, and 

Moultrie was the aim of their gunners. Cook, with his head under the dark cloth, saw* on most of the few negatives taken by Confederates had vanished through fire, loss, and 

the ground glass a shell passing within a few feet of him. Another shell knocked one of breakage. Fortunately, this has been preserved—one of the most vivid of any war. 





















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Copyright by Review of Reviews Co. 


CAMP LIFE OF THE INVADING ARMY 


This picture preserves for us the resplendent aspect of the camp of McClellan’s Army of the Fotomac in 
the spring of 1862. On his march from Yorktown toward Richmond, McClellan advanced his supply base 
from Cumberland Landing to White House on the Pamunkey. The barren fields on the bank of the river 
were converted as if by magic into an immense city of tents stretching away as far as the eye could see, 
while mirrored in the river lay the immense fleet of transports convoyed up by gunboats from Fortress 
Monroe. Here we see but a small section of this inspiring view. In the foreground, around the mud-spattered 
forge, the blankets and knapsacks of the farriers have been thrown carelessly on the ground. Farther on the 
patient army mules are tethered around the wagons. In the background, before the camp of the Fifth 
New York Volunteers (Duryee’s Zouaves), a regiment of infantry is drawn up in columns of companies for 
inspection drill. From the 15th to the 19th of May the Army of the Potomac was concentrated between 
Cumberland Landing and White House. While in camp an important change was made in the organi¬ 
zation of the army. The divisions of Porter and Sykes were united into the Fifth Corps under Porter, 
and those of Franklin and Smith into the Sixth Corps under Franklin. On May 19th the movement to 
Richmond was begun by the advance of Porter and Franklin to Tunstall’s Station. 
























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COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


THE BATTERY THAT CONTROLLED THE RIGHT OF WAY 


Battery Williams, that can just be seen at the left of the picture, controlled the cutting through which the 
Memphis & Charleston Road ran on its way between Corinth and the Mississippi. It faced the right flank 
of Fort Robinett, distant about half a mile. During the action of October 4th, when the gallant Texans 
bravely assailed Battery Robinett, Battery Williams with all its guns was playing steadily upon the Confederate 
left flank, and so closely did they follow that brave and brilliant charge that two shells from the battery 
landed inside the Federal earthworks and burst there. Most of the houses seen in the mid-distance are 
barracks erected by the Fifty-seventh and Fifty-second Illinois Infantry. It was directly fiom this ground, 
in front of the railway station, that the Confederate advance took place. A short distance to the left of 
the freight-house stood a small cottage. General Rosecrans, as he rode along the Federal line, noticed that 
the porch and windows were filled with Confederates, who were firing at long range at the batteiies. Im¬ 
mediately he ordered two field-pieces to open upon the dwelling with grape and canister. Hardly a man 
escaped alive. The town suffered severely from the fire of both Confederate and hederal artillery, but most 
of the inhabitants had retreated to their cellars and no casualties were reported. Xote the bales of piecious 
cotton gathered from some storehouse, worth almost their weight in gold before the war was o\ei. 

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FOOD FOR POWDER 


Give a glance at these seventeen men, who, for some reason that we cannot tell, have chosen to stand before the camera and be 
“ taken.” Note one thing first—there is not one smiling face nor one look of the holiday soldier about this little group. Able, grim, 
stern-hearted veterans—their faces show it. Among them all there is not a single merry-maker. These men have faced death 
often, they have seen their comrades die. They have looked across the sights of their muskets at the ragged men in gray, and 
peered through the enveloping smoke to see if their shots have told. These are not the machine-made soldiers of the European 
armies. They are the development of the time and hour. The influence of emigration is plainly shown. Here is a Scotchman— 















COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


FEDERAL TROOPS AT CORINTH 


An old soldier of the Queen, perhaps, who knew the Mutiny and the Crimea. Here are Swedes and Germans, Irish and French; but, 
predominating, is the American type—the Yankee, and the man of many blends from the mid-West and the North woods. There 
are two or three regulars standing in the center—artillerymen with bell buttons. On the extreme right are two men of the saber, with 
short jackets. Beyond them is the battle-field of October. It is now winter, but these men saw that field shrouded in battle smoke. 
They saw Price and Van Dorn's brave troops come yelling and charging across the railway track and the road beyond up to the 
very guns of Battery Robinett, which we see rising like a mound or hillock beyond the line of the railway shed. 














COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO 


PHOTOGRAPHERS OF THE WESTERN ARMIES 


The Civil War was the first great war to be photographed. The art had just arisen. The daguerreotype 
had been superseded by the tintype, and the wet-plate method (still in vogue in the best portrait galleries) 
was then in the height of its excellence. It is a fortunate thing in recording the history of the time that 
the camera was in existence. In Corinth there was a firm of photographers occupying a little wooden 
shack in the outskirts of the town. They did a thriving business during the occupancy by the Confeder¬ 
ates and by the Federals. George Armstead was a wonderful photographer—rivaling Brady at his best. 
In the picture he is standing back to the left, near where some of his negatives are printing in the sun; in 
front of the shop a drummer-boy stands with folded arms near the civilians who loll against the post. What 
would we not give for a nearer glimpse of the samples of Armstead’s work on the right of the doorway! 
The little frame of portrait tintypes on the other side would also give us to-day a thrill of interest. They 
are the only relics, perhaps, of men who lie in far-off graves—duplicates ot the only mementoes that their peo¬ 
ple, who are now old, possess. In turning the pages of this volume many will exclaim, “Look, there he is!” 











































COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


THE GUARDED DEPOT—STEVENSON IN I8G2 


This little Alabama town first became the subject of a war photograph during General Buell's campaign. It sprang into strategic 
importance as a base of supplies, and in order to hold it Buell sent forward Colonel A. S. Barker, who began the construction of 
extensi\e defenses, pressing into service some five hundred Negroes. Barker succeeded in completing two large redoubts and seven 
lockhouses; so defensible was the position made that during Hood’s invasion of Tennessee it was not attacked by the Confederates. 




COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 



THE STRENGTHENED FORTS 


This picture of Fort Barker, at Stevenson, shows the care with which the Federals defended this advance base. In this fort, which was 
about 150 feet square, there were barbette platforms for seven guns and an extensive magazine, and bomb-proof. Fort Mitchell, 
south of the station on the other side of the railroad, was equally strong. The two forts guarded the approach from the north. 








































THE SINEWS OF WAR 


This busy scene along the Nashville wharf on December 18, 1862, gives a clear idea of the magnitude of the preparations at the Federal 
army base thirteen days before the battle opened around Murfreesboro, at which point Bragg was threatening Nashville. Rosecrans 
could not move forward to attack him without supplies, and the river steamers which played so important a part in all the military 
operations in the West were hurrying up the Cumberland heavily loaded with the munitions and sustenance that made possible the 
coming battles. The first boat completely v isible in the picture at the right is the “ Mercury,” a famous Ohio River packet at the time. 
Next to her lies the “ Lizzie Martin,” and then the “ Palestine,” another Ohio racer. She has a hole stove in her prow just above the 
water-line, and the ship’s carpenter in his yawl is busily repairing it. Confederate batteries constantly menaced the Federal transports 
as they plied up and down the rivers. The renowned Tom Napier sometimes scared and captured a vessel with his dummy wooden guns. 






























COPYRIGHT, 1911, REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 


SUPPLY STEAMERS AT NASHVILLE, DECEMBER, 1862 


Beyond the “Palestine” lie the “ Reveillic,” the “Irene,” the “Belle Peoria” (a famous Mississippi boat from St. Louis), and last 
the “ Rob Roy ”—all discharging their tons of freight, paid for by the Government at war-time prices. On the snow-covered wharf are 
piled barrels of whiskey (the standard brand familiarly known as “Cincinnati rot-gut,” distilled for the Government’s own use), while 
the roustabouts are rolling ashore barrels of sugar and hogsheads of molasses to be mixed with the coffee which weary soldiers are to 
brew for themselves in the field. There are thousands of barrels of flour still to be unloaded. In symmetrical piles lie myriad boxes 
each stencilled “ Pilot bread from U. S. Government Bakery, Evansville, Ind.” Many an old Confederate knew the taste of this hard¬ 
tack and had to depend upon capturing a supply of it to stay his hunger. Confederate prisoners in their confinement watched many 
such scenes as this, wondering what newcomers would be added to their numbers during the ensuing campaign. 

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